Early assembly proteins of the large ribosomal subunit of the thermophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus. Identification and binding to heterologous rRNA species.

Studies of ribosome structure in thermophilic archaebacteria may provide valuable information on (i) the mechanisms involved in the stabilization of nucleic acid-protein complexes at high temperatures and (ii) the degree of evolutionary conservation of the ribosomal components in the primary kingdoms of cell descent. In this work we investigate certain aspects of RNA/protein interaction within the large ribosomal subunits of the extremely thermophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. The ribosomal proteins involved in the early reactions leading to in vitro particle assembly have been identified; it is shown that they can interact with the RNA in a temperature-independent fashion, forming a thermally stable "core" particle that can subsequently be converted into complete 50 S ribosomes. Among the protein components of the core particle, those capable of independently binding to 23 and 5 S RNA species have also been identified. Finally, we show that the early assembly proteins of Sulfolobus large ribosomal subunits are able to interact cooperatively with 23 S RNAs from other archaebacteria or from eubacteria, thereby suggesting that RNA/protein recognition sites are largely conserved within prokaryotic ribosomes. By contrast, no specific binding of the archaebacterial proteins to eukaryotic RNA could be demonstrated

Cadmium and arsenic affect root development in Oryza sativa L. negatively interacting with auxin

Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), non essential, but toxic, elements for animals and plants are frequently present in paddy fields. Oryza sativa L., a staple food for at least the half of world population, easily absorbs As and Cd by the root, and in this organ the pollutants evoke consistent damages, reducing/modifying the root system. Auxins are key hormones in regulating all developmental processes, including root organogenesis. Moreover, plants respond to environmental stresses, such as those caused by Cd and As, by changing levels and distribution of endogenous phytohormones. Even though the effects of Cd and As on the roots have been investigated in some species, it remains necessary to deepen the knowledge about the cross-talk between these toxic elements and auxin during root formation and development, in particular in agronomically important plants, such as rice. Hence, the research goal was to investigate the interactions between Cd and As, alone or combined, and auxin during the development of rice roots. To reach the aim, morphological, histological and histochemical analyses were carried out on seedlings, exposed or not to Cd and/or As, belonging to the wild type and transgenic lines useful for monitoring indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) localization, i.e., OsDR5:GUS, and IAA cellular influx and efflux, i.e., OsAUX1:GUS and OsPIN5b:GUS. Moreover, the transcript levels of the YUCCA2 and ASA2, IAA biosynthetic genes were also monitored in Cd and/or As exposed wild type seedlings. The results highlight that As and Cd affect cyto-histology and morphology of the roots. In particular, they alter the lateral root primordia organization and development with negative consequences on root system architecture. This is due to a disturbance of IAA biosynthesis and transport, as indicated by the altered expression of both ASA2 and YUCCA2 biosynthetic genes, and AUX1 and PIN5b transporter genes

Caracterización superficial de pigmentos sobre artefactos paleolíticos de la zona de los Montes Albanos (Roma, Italia) por microscopía óptica y espectroscopía raman

Preliminary results of the characterization of red pigmentations on paleolithic artefacts from the southern area of Montes Albanos (Rome, Italy) are presented. The set of materials consists of three decorated rounded pebblestones and a cortical flint blade typologically attributable to the Upper Paleolithic (Final Epigravetense, 14,000-12,000 cal BP). The findings were observed with optical microscope Nikon SMZ 1000/800 with magnifications of 1x to 6.3x. In two pebblestones, one decorated with parallel engravings, residues of ocher were detected in association with traces of use. In the third one, stained red dye was observed to form geometric patterns. Finally, reddish pigmentations were located on the cortical dorsal surface of a flint blade. To characterize chemically the coloring agent detected, macro-microscopically, Raman spectroscopy was used, a technique that allowed the study of the nature of the residues and the detection of additional organic materials whose presence must be related to post-depositional contaminations produced by the manipulation or/and surface exposure of artifacts

Exploiting the photoactivity of bacterial reaction center to investigate liposome dynamics

Charge recombination kinetics of bacterial photosynthetic protein Reaction Center displays an exquisite sensitivity to the actual occupancy of ubiquinone-10 in its QB-binding site. Here, we have exploited such phenomenon for assessing the growth and the aggregation/fusion of phosphocholine vesicles embedding RC in their membrane, when treated with sodium oleate

Detection of honey bee viruses in larvae of Vespa orientalis

The Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) is native to the southeastern Mediterranean, north-eastern and eastern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and it is well established in southern Italy. However, recent reports in Liguria, Trieste and Tuscany show great expansion of its areal probably due to climate change or involuntary anthropic actions. Adults feed on carbohydrates collected from fruit and nectar while brood is fed by workers with animal proteins (grasshoppers, flies, yellowjackets and bees). The interaction between the two species could lead to possible spillover of pathogens in both directions. Previous studies have already reported the presence of honey bee pathogens (virus, fungi and bacteria), in Vespae and have underlined their role in disseminating pathogens which could represent a threat for honey bees. Aim of this study was to detect the presence in V.orientalis of six honey bee viruses, more precisely Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV), Sac Brood Virus (SBV), and to investigate possible transmission route. 30 adults and 29 larvae of V.orientalis and 2 pools of 10 honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) each were collected from the managed nest and apiary located both at the Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences-University of Palermo, and sent to the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions- University of Naples “Federico II”. Samples were observed by stereomicroscope to assess possible alterations which could be indicative of the action of viruses and then subjected to multiplex PCR to detect viruses. No morphological alterations were identified despite the biomolecular results showed 25/30 adults and 24/29 larvae were infected with at least one virus (DWV). Adult samples presented also ABPV (19/30), BQCV (13/30), SBV (1/30); while larvae presented SBV (10/29), ABPV (5/29), BQCV (5/29). No sample resulted positive for CBPV and only 1/30 adult resulted positive for KBV. Honey bees’ positivities reflected those of the hornets: 2/2 DWV, 2/2 SBV, 2/2 BQCV and 1/2 ABPV. The viruses detected in our study are the most prevalent in apiaries across Italy and the overlapping of positivities between hornets and honey bees collected in the same site suggests possible transmission of honey bee viruses through ingestion of infected honey bees

Exploring the neuroanatomical bases of psychotic features in bipolar disorder

Although bipolar disorder (BD) is traditionally conceptualised as one diagnostic entity, the heterogeneity of pathophysiological manifestations in BD suggests the need to classify the subtypes of the illness based on neural markers. Specifically, the presence of psychotic symptoms seems to be relevant for the clinical outcome and may have specific neuroanatomical bases. The main objective of the present review was to assess whether the distinction between psychotic BD (PBD) and non-psychotic BD (NPBD) can improve the identification of the neurobiological markers of this complex illness. To this end, we summarised the findings from the magnetic resonance imaging studies that explored the cerebral correlates of psychosis in BD in terms of grey matter volume (GMV). Overall, the results suggest the presence of peculiar GMV differences between PBD and NPBD. Specifically, psychosis in BD seems to be associated with cortical GMV deficits compared with both healthy controls and NPBD, mainly in the frontal region. Conversely, NPBD patients showed GMV deficits in selective regions of the basal ganglia when compared with the other groups. Taken together, this evidence confirms the importance to classify BD based on the psychotic dimension, which may have a specific neurobiological architecture that partially overlaps across multiple psychotic disorders

Atogepant for the Prevention of Episodic Migraine in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety

Introduction: The inhibition of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway has attracted interest in pharmacological research on migraine. Atogepant is a potent, selective, orally available antagonist of the CGRP receptor approved as a preventive treatment of episodic migraine. This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atogepant for the prevention of episodic migraine in adult patients. Methods: Randomized, placebo-controlled, single or double-blinded trials were identified through a systematic literature search (December week 4, 2021). Main outcomes included the changes from baseline in monthly migraine days and the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and treatment withdrawal due to AEs. Mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated. Results: Two trials were included, overall enrolling 1550 patients. A total of 408 participants were randomized to placebo, 314 to atogepant 10 mg, 411 to atogepant 30 mg, and 417 to atogepant 60 mg once daily. The mean age of the patients was 41.0 years and 87.7% were women. The reduction in the mean number of migraine days from baseline across the 12-week treatment period was significantly greater among patients treated with atogepant at either the daily dose of 10 mg (MD − 1.16, 95% CI − 1.60 to − 0.73, p < 0.001), 30 mg (MD − 1.15, 95% CI − 1.54 to − 0.76, p < 0.001), or 60 mg (MD − 1.20, 95% CI − 2.18 to − 0.22, p = 0.016) than with placebo. There were no differences in the occurrence of AEs and drug withdrawal due to AEs between atogepant and placebo groups. Constipation was more commonly observed in patients treated with atogepant at 30 mg/day than placebo (RR 5.19, 95% CI 2.00–13.46; p = 0.001). Treatment with atogepant at the daily dose of 60 mg was associated with a higher risk of constipation (RR 4.92, 95% CI 1.89–12.79; p = 0.001) and nausea (RR 2.73, 95% CI 1.47–5.06; p = 0.001) than placebo. Conclusion: Atogepant is an efficacious and overall well-tolerated treatment for the prevention of episodic migraine in adults

Do patients with hallucinations imagine speech right?

A direct relationship between auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and decreased left-hemispheric lateralization in speech perception has been often described, although it has not been conclusively proven. The specific lateralization of AVHs has been poorly explored. However, patients with verbal hallucinations show a weak Right Ear Advantage (REA) in verbal perception compared to non AVHs listeners suggesting that left-hemispheric language area are involved in AVHs. In the present study, 29 schizophrenia patients with AVHs, 31 patients with psychotic bipolar disorder who experienced frequent AVHs, 27 patients with schizophrenia who had never experienced AVHs and 57 healthy controls were required to imagine hearing a voice in one ear alone. In line with previous evidence healthy controls confirmed the expected REA for auditory imagery, and the same REA was also found in non-hallucinator patients. However, in line with our hypothesis, patients with schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder with AVHs showed no lateral bias. Results extend the relationship between abnormal asymmetry for verbal stimuli and AVHs to verbal imagery, suggesting that atypical verbal imagery may reflect a disruption of inter-hemispheric connectivity between areas implicated in the generation and monitoring of verbal imagery and may be predictive of a predisposition for AVHs. Results also indicate that the relationship between AVHs and hemispheric lateralization for auditory verbal imagery is not specific to schizophrenia but may extend to other disorders as well

Prefrontal Cortex Modulation during Anticipation of Working Memory Demands as Revealed by Magnetoencephalography

During the anticipation of task demands frontal control is involved in the assembly of stimulus-response mappings based on current goals. It is not clear whether prefrontal modulations occur in higher-order cortical regions, likely reflecting cognitive anticipation processes. The goal of this paper was to investigate prefrontal modulation during anticipation of upcoming working memory demands as revealed by magnetoencephalography (MEG). Twenty healthy volunteers underwent MEG while they performed a variation of the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) task. Beta band (14–30 Hz) SAM (Synthetic Aperture Magnetometry) analysis was performed. During the preparatory periods there was an increase in beta power (event-related synchronization) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) bilaterally, left inferior prefrontal gyrus, left parietal, and temporal areas. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that, during preparatory states, the prefrontal cortex is important for biasing higher order brain regions that are going to be engaged in the upcoming task