A critical assessment of how effective the criminal courts are when examining the child

The paper suggests that a different approach to the child should be undertaken in the legal system. Children should be viewed as a group who hold their own rights separately to those of the adult and should be acknowledged as underdeveloped in their logic, reasoning and conclusive thinking abilities. If those children were assessed on their own developed abilities, it is argued that the correct administration of justice should ensue

Improving the Accuracy and Scope of Control-Oriented Vapor Compression Cycle System Models

The benefits of applying advanced control techniques to vapor compression cycle systems are well know. The main advantages are improved performance and efficiency, the achievement of which brings both economic and environmental gains. One of the most significant hurdles to the practical application of advanced control techniques is the development of a dynamic system level model that is both accurate and mathematically tractable. Previous efforts in control-oriented modeling have produced a class of heat exchanger models known as moving-boundary models. When combined with mass flow device models, these moving-boundary models provide an excellent framework for both dynamic analysis and control design. This thesis contains the results of research carried out to increase both the accuracy and scope of these system level models. The improvements to the existing vapor compression cycle models are carried out through the application of various modeling techniques, some static and some dynamic, some data-based and some physics-based. Semiempirical static modeling techniques are used to increase the accuracy of both heat exchangers and mass flow devices over a wide range of operating conditions. Dynamic modeling techniques are used both to derive new component models that are essential to the simulation of very common vapor compression cycle systems and to improve the accuracy of the existing compressor model. A new heat exchanger model that accounts for the effects of moisture in the air is presented. All of these model improvements and additions are unified to create a simple but accurate system level model with a wide range of application. Extensive model validation results are presented, providing both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the new models and model improvements.Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Project 17

A psychotherapeutic understanding of black identity in workplace contexts.

Sustaining cohesion in working groups, in businesses or institutions, is often fraught with problems. Increasing work demands may intensity levels of stress, thus diminishing a worker's contentment in their job. The dynamics of the group can exert pressures on individuals to conform to the norms of the dominant culture, and may pose further problems for group relations. When racial difference is added to the picture, it may be the trigger for further troubles, as old and comfortable ways of upholding a culture - essentially that of the dominant group - break down or move into crisis, as an additional challenge has to be faced. The solidarity of the dominant group, hitherto asserted in benign ways, may turn a simple difference into a 'threat', or create an 'enemy' perceived as problematically 'different' from the rest. This research has examined the phenomenon of racial difference through the stories and experiences of a section of the workforce who have found themselves outside the 'pack'. They were invited to share and discuss their experiences. Their evidence forms the backbone of this enterprise. The study was conducted in three institutional workplace settings - the NHS, Social Services and Education. The aim was to gain deeper understanding of the nature of stress observed in this particular group, and to understand the effects of stress on the individual's sense of self and identity. The approach is designed to fit well with a person-in-environment perspective and seeks to scrutinise the experiences of black people in predominantly white workplace settings. Drawing on the qualitative research methods of Phenomenology, Hermeneutics and a Heuristic Enquiry, the study aims are to: a) explore the experiences of being black in the workplace b) examine the impact of these experiences on the well-being of the individual c) identify causes (external and internal) that contribute to 'workplace oppression ' (my term) and trauma d) give expression to the unspoken, unspeakable, unsayable e) develop knowledge that is transferable lo working with issues of black identity wounding f) offer a therapeutic strategy for managing black identity trauma through a culturally sensitive and effective model of helping The underlying principle running through the research and the writing of this final document is that it was not a study done on black people, which would have necessitated a comparative research approach with a contrasting group, but research done with black people, sharing stories emanating from their and our everyday experiences. As the researcher, 1 saw myself as a privileged 'insider', researching as well as being researched. Taking up the position of ‘insider researcher' was going to be qualitatively different. This location would offer the unique position of being not only the insider researcher, but the cultural insider-researcher, It was important that the methodology challenged oppression rather than perpetuate it, and within this framework, there was a collaborative approach to designing the study, obtaining information, giving voice to the unspoken and testing out the analysis of the evolving data. A mixture of personal and professional reasons has driven my passion for this enterprise. From the personal, direct and indirect experiences of racial discrimination and a determination to do something were important. From the professional perspective, meeting similar such experiences in clients' stories and being disturbed by the hold and extent of their effects, increased my drive to investigate the phenomenon, develop new understanding and share this knowledge. From an educational perspective, there seemed to be a need to widen the discourse on racism to include the theme of subtle racism and its impact of the self. The research attempts to deal with this latter theme, as it reports on the problems of black workers whose stories describe what it is like to be defined as 'different'. In their accounts of what they experienced, the subtle phenomenon of racism was shown to generate external and internal stressors, which contributed to difficult interactions, fragile relationships and effects to health. The study's analysis reveals a dialectic between internal and external aspects of racial oppression and an emphasis on internal matters. In this scrutiny, the inner dynamics of what black people themselves might also be bringing to these situations are explored. This thesis highlights subtleties and complexities of a historical legacy that continues to shape black people's interactions with the white other. The main finding concerns what I call 'the internal oppressor which George Bach's work (1985) highlights as the inner enemy, that can be more formidable a foe than the most manipulative or oppressive associate. The 'flow chart' in Table 1 that follows will show at a glance, the various stages of my journey throughout this project

Expanded delta networks for very large parallel computers

In this paper we analyze a generalization of the traditional delta network, introduced by Patel [21], and dubbed Expanded Delta Network (EDN). These networks provide in general multiple paths that can be exploited to reduce contention in the network resulting in increased performance. The crossbar and traditional delta networks are limiting cases of this class of networks. However, the delta network does not provide the multiple paths that the more general expanded delta networks provide, and crossbars are to costly to use for large networks. The EDNs are analyzed with respect to their routing capabilities in the MIMD and SIMD models of computation.The concepts of capacity and clustering are also addressed. In massively parallel SIMD computers, it is the trend to put a larger number processors on a chip, but due to I/O constraints only a subset of the total number of processors may have access to the network. This is introduced as a Restricted Access Expanded Delta Network of which the MasPar MP-1 router network is an example

The moderating role of perceived organisational support in breaking the silence of public accountants

This paper reports the results of a survey with public accountants in Barbados on their intention to report a superior’s unethical behaviour. Specifically, it investigates to what extent perceived organisational support (POS) in audit organisations would moderate Barbadian public accountants’ intentions to blow the whistle internally and externally. Results indicate that internal whistle-blowing intentions are significantly influenced by all five individual antecedents (attitudes, perceived behavioural control, independence commitment, personal responsibility for reporting and personal cost of reporting), and the influence of the antecedents is intensified when the level of POS is high. However, further results indicate that external whistle-blowing intentions are significantly influenced by only three individual-level antecedents viz. attitudes, perceived behavioural control and personal cost of reporting, and their influence is intensified when the level of POS is low. The results suggest that POS is an important mechanism for controlling behaviour

Mode Conversion of Guided Waves by Defects in Pipes

The corrosion of pipework is a major problem for the oil and gas and petro-chemical industries. Large facilities operate hundreds of kilometres of pipes which may carry corrosive substances. General wall-thinning and localised pitting corrosion can occur both from the inside and the outside of pipe walls. A high proportion of these pipes are insulated, so that even the external defects cannot be detected by conventional NDE techniques without the expense of removing of the insulation

Lowest common ancestor interconnection networks

Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA) networks are built using switches capable of connecting u + d inputs/outputs in a permutation pattern. For n source nodes and I stages of switches, n/d switches are used in stage l - n/d - u/d in stage l - 2, and in general , n-u^l-i-l/d^l-i switches in stage i. The resulting hierarchical structure possesses interesting connectivity and permutational properties. A full characterization of LCA networks is presented together with a permutation routing algorithm for a family of LCA networks. The algorithm uses the network itself to collect and disseminate information about the permutation. A schedule of O(dp log_d/u n) passes is obtained with a switch set-up cost factor of O(log_d/u n) (p is the minimum number of passes that an algorithm with global knowledge schedules)