Exploring the Link between Urban Growth, Industrial Development, and Employment Challenges in Developing Nations: A Comprehensive Analysis

Objective: This research aims to investigate the correlation between urbanization, industrialization, and unemployment in low- and middle-income nations, recognizing the critical role of the industrial sector in stabilizing their economies. The study seeks to contribute to the understanding of the dynamics between these variables and their implications for economic development and employment trends. Research Gap: While the industrial sector's impact on unemployment rates in developing countries has garnered significant attention, there remains a gap in the literature regarding the specific relationships between urbanization, industrialization, and unemployment. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis using variable regression analysis, focusing on data from 1990 to 2021. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study utilizes variable regression analysis as the analytical method and employs data on urban population, industrialization, total unemployment, GDP growth, total labor force, and inflation from the World Development Indicator database. The empirical investigation applies the generalized method of moments approach and utilizes the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test to assess the presence of a unit root in the data, ensuring robustness in the analysis. The Main Findings: The findings demonstrate that urbanization correlates positively with GDP growth and the overall labor force but exhibits adverse relationships with unemployment, industrialization, and inflation. Conversely, unemployment shows positive associations with the labor force, urbanization, industrialization, and inflation. Furthermore, the results highlight a positive connection between industrialization and GDP growth, while indicating negative associations between industrialization and both urbanization and inflation. Theoretical / Practical Implications of the Findings: These findings have theoretical implications for understanding the complex interplay between urbanization, industrialization, and unemployment in low- and middle-income countries. They underscore the need for policymakers to focus on enhancing industrialization to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization and inflation on unemployment rates. Moreover, governments in these countries must prioritize addressing inflationary pressures to ensure sustainable economic growth and employment opportunities for their populations. Originality/Value: By employing a rigorous analytical approach and utilizing comprehensive datasets, the study provides valuable data and practical implications for policymakers seeking to promote economic stability and reduce unemployment in these regions

Parity Pricing as an Approach to Price Support Programme in Agriculture Sector of Pakistan: Policy Analysis

Parity pricing is an important approach that helps the government and policy makers to determine the support prices of the different commodities. In this study we will discuss how the parity price ratios will prove useful in determining the price support programs in agricultural sector of the Pakistan. There are two approaches described in this study: First is the cost of production; Second is the parity pricing. The cost of production approach is used to make sure the farmers to get the suitable prices for their products. Parity price approach is used to remove the imbalance between the agricultural sector and non-agriculture sectors. We use the secondary data from time period 2005-2015. The data were collected from Pakistan Development Review and from Pakistan Economic Survey. The data on different crops like wheat, maize, rice, cotton and sugarcane are collected to calculate the parity price ratios. The price indexes are used to calculate the parity ratio. As the parity ratio is the ratio between prices received by the farm owners and prices paid by the farm owners, so these received and paid prices are calculated. Parity ratios are also calculated for different Cultivation models in Pakistan. At the end it is told that support prices can be determined in Pakistan by combining these two approaches of cost of production approach and parity pricing approach so that the farmers of Pakistan become able to get reasonable returns for their commodities and could improve their living standard

Parity Pricing as an Approach to Price Support Programme in Agriculture Sector of Pakistan: Policy Analysis

Parity pricing is an important approach that helps the government and policy makers to determine the support prices of the different commodities. In this study we will discuss how the parity price ratios will prove useful in determining the price support programs in agricultural sector of the Pakistan. There are two approaches described in this study: First is the cost of production; Second is the parity pricing. The cost of production approach is used to make sure the farmers to get the suitable prices for their products. Parity price approach is used to remove the imbalance between the agricultural sector and non-agriculture sectors. We use the secondary data from time period 2005-2015. The data were collected from Pakistan Development Review and from Pakistan Economic Survey. The data on different crops like wheat, maize, rice, cotton and sugarcane are collected to calculate the parity price ratios. The price indexes are used to calculate the parity ratio. As the parity ratio is the ratio between prices received by the farm owners and prices paid by the farm owners, so these received and paid prices are calculated. Parity ratios are also calculated for different Cultivation models in Pakistan. At the end it is told that support prices can be determined in Pakistan by combining these two approaches of cost of production approach and parity pricing approach so that the farmers of Pakistan become able to get reasonable returns for their commodities and could improve their living standard

Mapping the Causal Connections among Exchange Rate Fluctuations and Agriculture Production: New Evidence from Pakistan Utilizing Cointegration Analysis

This study is the foreign exchange rate and export sector and impact on macroeconomics variables. The objective is to research the experiential association between the rate of exchange and the export sectors of Pakistan. The time series data has been used which covered 1980- 2020. In this study, we used three major sectors that have been selected for this research like the Agricultural sector as the dependent variable. Rate of exchange, foreign direct investment, rate of inflation, and interest rate are being used as explanatory variables in this study. For the long run and short run estimation among variables; we used the Auto regressive distributed lag model (ARDL). Likewise, Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) uses the estimation of the integration of order. According to long run findings of this study illustrated that model one, exchange rate is positive and significant. Foreign direct investment is both positive and significant, as is the money supply (M2). Trade openness is a positive and significant impact on agriculture. &nbsp

Lexical Borrowing: An Analysis of “Daily Dawn” and “The Nation”

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mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} Borrowing is a typical term used for the process by which a language or variety receives material from other variety typically called “supporter language”. Borrowing does not mean to focus on the rented words but it also focuses on the other borrowed features of the language i.e. phonemes, morphemes and syntactic features. In addition, it is a traditional term having universally significance. Lexical borrowing is a process through which one language adopts the individual words. Furthermore, when two languages come into contact with each other and one language picks the lexical items from the other language however, the language which receives the words is called “recipient language”, and on the other hand, the language who shares the words is called “donor language”. This article presents a case study of  lexical borrowing in the light of two national newspapers of Pakistan “Daily Dawn” and “The Nation”.</p

Estimating Long-run Trade Elasticity in Pakistan: A Co-integration Approach

The analysis of this study is to monitor the effect of currency depreciation on trade elasticity, using co integration technique of ARDL. The Robust ARDL structure has been used to format the bound testing approach to co-integration model and error correction model. The bound test holds that there exists a long term stable relationship between BOP and its determining factors. The real GDP makes the balance of payment positive, both in long and short run. The study is based upon time series data (1974-2014). For estimation purpose, Johansen –Cointegration technique has been used and integration order has been applied for each variable before applying co-integration technique. This research actually seeks to examine the trade growth factors from period (1974-2014). The ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag model) examines the long run elasticity of trade. The shown technique has been collaborated through ADF test. All of the variables are incorporated at first difference i.e. I(1) accept one variable, which is GDP.ADF (augmented dickey- fuller) unit root test has been applied to examine the stationary time series data. Equation has been constructed for terms of trade and other independent variables to examine their long- run relation. ARDL shows that there is co-integration between trade growth and other independent variables i.e. GDP, CPI, NEER, NEER, IMP, EXP and also with the dependent variable TOT. Clearly, it can be noticed that the long- run relationship exists between these variables. It could be observed that “Marshal-Lerner condition” is true for Pakistan as well as for other underdeveloped countries

Estimating Long-run Trade Elasticity in Pakistan: A Co-integration Approach

The analysis of this study is to monitor the effect of currency depreciation on trade elasticity, using co integration technique of ARDL. The Robust ARDL structure has been used to format the bound testing approach to co-integration model and error correction model. The bound test holds that there exists a long term stable relationship between BOP and its determining factors. The real GDP makes the balance of payment positive, both in long and short run. The study is based upon time series data (1974-2014). For estimation purpose, Johansen –Cointegration technique has been used and integration order has been applied for each variable before applying co-integration technique. This research actually seeks to examine the trade growth factors from period (1974-2014). The ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag model) examines the long run elasticity of trade. The shown technique has been collaborated through ADF test. All of the variables are incorporated at first difference i.e. I(1) accept one variable, which is GDP.ADF (augmented dickey- fuller) unit root test has been applied to examine the stationary time series data. Equation has been constructed for terms of trade and other independent variables to examine their long- run relation. ARDL shows that there is co-integration between trade growth and other independent variables i.e. GDP, CPI, NEER, NEER, IMP, EXP and also with the dependent variable TOT. Clearly, it can be noticed that the long- run relationship exists between these variables. It could be observed that “Marshal-Lerner condition” is true for Pakistan as well as for other underdeveloped countries

Exam anxiety: A Comparative Study of Normal and Impaired Individuals

Stress and anxiety play a significant role in the grades of students and accounts for their negative psychological and mental behavior. This study aims at comparing exam anxiety among normal and special children. The result of the comparison explains the reasons for anxiety. The paper also gives some recommendations to overcome the problem of anxiety. This study is qualitatively cross-sectional. The data was randomly selected from the private and governmental educational sector of Sargodha, Pakistan from the 5th of October to the 19th of October 2017. As a methodology, 20 individuals of matric level were selected randomly from private and governmental sectors of both special and normal individuals. 10 individuals were special, and 10 individuals were normal individuals. Anxiety among these individuals was measured by the help of the state-trait anxiety inventory instrument. The findings of the results concluded that student’s self-created fears play a significant role in triggering anxiety among learners.  The ratio of special children under the effect of anxiety was higher in terms of confidence, controlling of nerves, exam hall ease and nausea before the exam as compared to normal individuals. Normal individuals lacked concentration, and their overthinking of getting fail was the reason for exam anxiety. Self- created fears were found to be the sole cause of anxiety among normal individuals as compared to impaired individuals where the natural deficiency emotionally destabilizes them and causes loss of their confidence. Dodson’s law has been found to overcome anxiety disorders among both types of individuals