Injury Reporting in Collegiate Soccer Players and the Impact of Non-Reporting

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine injury reporting rates of collegiate soccer players and explore possible consequences of not reporting these injuries. Methods: Soccer players (male and female) from eight Division II and III schools were surveyed about their injury history during college, injury reporting behavior, and the consequences of their worst non-reported injury. The head coach of each soccer team was also surveyed about their perception of player injury reporting on their team. Results: Of the 232 athletes surveyed, 171 had been injured during their college career and 67 (39.2% of those injured, 28.8% of all surveyed) had not reported one of their injuries at some point during their college career. Coaches perceived that the rate of non-reporting on their team would be on average 16.6%. Eighty-seven percent of non-reporters reported that due to their injury they had to lower intensity of playing, 20.9% missed playing/practice time, and 92.5% self-treated while they were injured. 43.3% percent were re-injured and 12 of those athletes missed more time because of the re-injury. 59.7% percent would choose to not report an injury again. Conclusion: Approximately 40% of all soccer players who had been injured during their collegiate career sustained an injury that they did not report. This unreported injury in many cases led to negative consequences such as decreased intensity of play or re-injury. College athletic trainers and coaches must be aware of this non-reporting and determine the best practice for creating a better environment for openness about injury discussion and reporting

Evidence for predilection of macrophage infiltration patterns in the deeper midline and mesial temporal structures of the brain uniquely in patients with HIV-associated dementia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>HIV-1 penetrates the central nervous system, which is vital for HIV-associated dementia (HAD). But the role of cellular infiltration and activation together with HIV in the development of HAD is poorly understood.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To study activation and infiltration patterns of macrophages, CD8+ T cells in relation to HIV in diverse CNS areas of patients with and without dementia. 46 brain regions from two rapidly progressing severely demented patients and 53 regions from 4 HIV+ non-dementia patients were analyzed. Macrophage and CD8+ T cell infiltration of the CNS in relation to HIV was assessed using immuno-histochemical analysis with anti-HIV (P24), anti-CD8 and anti-CD68, anti-S-100A8 and granzyme B antibodies (cellular activation). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 12.0 with Student's t test and ANOVA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Overall, the patterns of infiltration of macrophages and CD8+ T cells were indiscernible between patients with and without dementia, but the co-localization of macrophages and CD8+ T cells along with HIV P24 antigen in the deeper midline and mesial temporal structures of the brain segregated the two groups. This predilection of infected macrophages and CD8+ T cells to the middle part of the brain was unique to both HAD patients, along with unique nature of provirus gag gene sequences derived from macrophages in the midline and mesial temporal structures.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Strong predilection of infected macrophages and CD8+ T cells was typical of the deeper midline and mesial temporal structures uniquely in HAD patients, which has some influence on neurocognitive impairment during HIV infection.</p

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

Inflammatory Response Following Moderate and Vigorous Aerobic Exercise

The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of an acute bout of moderate and vigorous aerobic exercise on production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL- 6) and the acute phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP). Ten male recreationally trained cyclists (average age 30.3 ± 5.7 years) completed two 40-minute cycling bouts on two separate occasions. A moderate-intensity exercise bout was performed at 50% of VO2max and a vigorous-intensity exercise bout was performed at 80% of VO2max. Blood samples were taken before exercise, 30 minutes into exercise, and then 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes post-exercise. Average percent of VO2max for moderate and vigorous exercise was 52.7 ± 1.6 and 76.8 ± 5.0 percent, respectively. There was a significant increase in CRP during and following both moderate and vigorous exercise (p \u3c 0.05). IL-6 was increased 15-minutes after moderate exercise, and during and for I-hour following vigorous exercise (p \u3c 0.05). The increase in IL-6 was greater following vigorous compared to moderate exercise (p = 0.001). Change in IL-6 during vigorous exercise was correlated with the change in CRP immediately following the exercise bout (p = 0.003, r = 0.826). These results show that an acute bout of moderate or vigorous exercise can result in an acute phase response during exercise. This acute phase response is related to the inflammatory response that occurs during exercise

Accuracy of Polar S410 heart rate monitor to estimate energy cost of exercise

Many studies have revealed shared music–language processing resources by finding an influence of music harmony manipulations on concurrent language processing. However, the nature of the shared resources has remained ambiguous. They have been argued to be syntax specific and thus due to shared syntactic integration resources. An alternative view regards them as related to general attention and, thus, not specific to syntax. The present experiments evaluated these accounts by investigating the influence of language on music. Participants were asked to provide closure judgements on harmonic sequences in order to assess the appropriateness of sequence endings. At the same time participants read syntactic garden-path sentences. Closure judgements revealed a change in harmonic processing as the result of reading a syntactically challenging word. We found no influence of an arithmetic control manipulation (experiment 1) or semantic garden-path sentences (experiment 2). Our results provide behavioural evidence for a specific influence of linguistic syntax processing on musical harmony judgements. A closer look reveals that the shared resources appear to be needed to hold a harmonic key online in some form of syntactic working memory or unification workspace related to the integration of chords and words. Overall, our results support the syntax specificity of shared music–language processing resources

Acceptance for the Council:

I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Joshua S. Rogers entitled “Comparison of underwater video mapping and pebble count measurements in determining stream channel substrate. ” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form an