Avaliação da eficiência produtiva de fazendas canavicultoras utilizando índices de Malmquist

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Florianópolis, 2014.O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar a eficiência relativa de fazendas canavicultoras utilizando-se índices de Malmquist. O estudo foi realizado juntamente com os produtores de cana-de-açúcar da Destilaria Serra dos Aimorés (DASA), em Aimorés, Minas Gerais. Os dados correspondentes a este estudo foram obtidos de planilhas técnico-financeiras do SEBRAE/MG-Educampo Cana; da DASA e de resultados de entrevistas estruturadas e não estruturadas. Foram analisadas 79 fazendas, sendo cinco canaviais de cada fazenda, cinco safras e cinco variedades de cana, totalizando 1.975 unidades observadas. Em razão de as fazendas terem tipos diferentes de adubos aplicados nas rebrotas da cana, estas foram divididas em dois grupos: Grupo 1, composto por 20 fazendas que aplicaram adubo orgânico nas rebrotas; e, Grupo 2, formado por 59 fazendas que usaram adubo químico nas rebrotas. Selecionaram-se variáveis comuns que caracterizaram adequadamente o desempenho das propriedades canavicultoras. Assim, foram consideradas variáveis de entrada: área do canavial, calcário, adubo químico ou orgânico, herbicida e inseticida químico. Nos dois grupos, a variável de saída foi a produção de colmos industrializáveis. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se estatística descritiva, análise de regressão, Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) e Índice de Produtividade de Malmquist (IPTF). Houve relação positiva entre a produtividade da lavoura e o lucro. Pela Análise Envoltória de Dados, verificou-se que, em média, 8,2% das unidades observadas tiveram desempenho ruim e 38%, desempenho ótimo. Apenas 14,3% das unidades observadas no Grupo 1 e 10% das do Grupo 2 tiveram ganhos no IPTF. Comparando os IPTF com o lucro das 79 fazendas, notou-se que, em ambos os grupos, pôde-se estabelecer dois subgrupos com desempenhos diferentes. Dessa forma, há necessidade contínua de aprimoramento das técnicas e dos sistemas de produção. Para tanto, as ferramentas da Engenharia de Produção podem ser úteis na aplicação de técnicas de gerenciamento que proporcionem execução controlada de cada etapa do processo, para otimizar o uso dos recursos, extraindo destes o máximo benefício ao longo do maior tempo possível, considerando a sustentabilidade socioeconômica e ambiental do sistema.Abstract : The research was conducted to evaluate the relative efficiency of sugarcane farms by using Malmquist indices. The study was conducted in conjunction with producers of the sugarcane consigned to Destilaria Serra dos Aimorés (DASA) in Aimorés, Minas Gerais. The data corresponding to this study were obtained from technical-financial spreadsheets of the SEBRAE / MG-Educampo Cana, from DASA and from the results of structured and unstructured interviews. Seventy-nine farms were analyzed, as being five reed stands of each farm, five harvests and five varieties of sugarcane, as totaling 1,975 units observed. Because the farms have different types of fertilizers applied to regrowth of the cane, they were divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised 20 farms that applied organic fertilizer in sprouts; and Group 2 consisting of 59 farms that used chemical fertilizer on regrowth. Common variables that adequately characterized the performance of the sugarcane farms were selected. Therefore, the following input variables were considered: reed stand, lime, chemical or organic fertilizer, herbicide and chemical insecticide. In both groups, the output variable was the production of industrialized stalks. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (IPTF). There was a positive relationship between crop productivity and profit. By data envelopment analysis, it was found that, on average, 8.2% of the observed units had poor performance and 38% had great performance. Only 14.3% of the units observed in Group 1 and 10% of those in Group 2 had gains in IPTF. When comparing the IPTF with profit of 79 farms, it was noted that, in both groups, it was possible to establish two subgroups with different performances. Thus, there is continuous need for improvement techniques and production systems. For both, the tools of the Production Engineering may be useful in application of management techniques that provide controlled execution of each stage of the process in order to optimize the use of resources, therefore extracting their maximum benefit over the possible longest time, as considering the socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of the system

Índices técnicos e rentabilidade da pecuária leiteira

Economic and technical results of a study involving 22 dairy farms in 10 municipalities of Viçosa, MG, Brazil, were evaluated. In the properties that presented negative economic results, problems were detected in the production phase. Technical indexes of the properties that presented a return rate higher than that of savings investment were taken as reference, and measures were proposed to increase the efficiency of the other farms. The scale of production is of the utmost importance to enhance dairy farm interest. Genetic standard improvement by means of artificial insemination with semen of animals with high productive potential has contributed to raise the productivity indexes of the herd, land and labor and, consequently, the economic indexes. Food and animal environment were relevant factors for the activity success. Increased milk quality via mechanized milking immediately followed by cooling has generated gains throughout the whole productive process.Avaliaram-se os resultados técnicos e econômicos em 22 propriedades leiteiras localizadas em dez municípios da Região de Viçosa, MG. Nas propriedades que apresentaram resultados econômicos negativos, detectaram-se os pontos de estrangulamento na produção e, tomando-se como referência os índices técnicos das propriedades que apresentaram taxa de retorno sobre o investimento superior ao da caderneta de poupança, foram propostas medidas para aumentar a eficiência dessas fazendas. A escala de produção foi considerada fator importante para obtenção de índices econômicos atrativos. A melhoria do padrão genético, através de inseminação artificial com sêmen de animais com maior potencial produtivo, contribuiu para elevar os índices de produtividade do rebanho, da terra e da mão-de-obra e, consequentemente os indicadores econômicos. A alimentação adequada, principalmente das vacas em lactação, foi muito importante para o sucesso da atividade. Investimento em qualidade do leite via controle sanitário do rebanho, ordenha mecanizada e resfriamento logo após a ordenha, podem ser uma estratégia para obter ganhos em toda a cadeia produtiva

Nutritional status, nutrient accumulation and yield of corn grown in Yellow-Red Oxisol

Corn extracts and accumulates high amounts of soil nutrients due to its high forage yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate nutritional status, nutrient accumulation, and forage yield of corn hybrid BM 3066 PRO2, as well as primary macronutrient balance in the soil-plant system. Thus, a systematic sampling was carried out in seven crop areas of corn grown in a Yellow-Red Oxisol. Plants did not show nutrient deficiency. Leaf contents had the following decreasing order of concentration N> K> Ca> P> S> Mg> Fe = Mn> Zn> B> Cu. Biometric evaluations were carried out and we found average plant height and first ear insertion height of 2.42m and 1.52m, respectively. Fresh and dry biomass yields were 57.17 and 18.36 t ha-1, respectively. The accumulation of primary macronutrients in plant shoot biomass was 235.95 kg ha-1 N, 36.99 kg ha-1 P and 225.53 kg ha-1 K. Nutrient balance was positive for nitrogen (9.1 kg) and phosphorus (22 kg), but negative for potassium (-15 kg)

Organic fertilization with poultry litter and sugarcane juice quality / Adubação orgânica com cama de aviário e qualidade do caldo da cana-de-açúcar

The ripening of sugarcane is influenced by weather conditions, crop variety and practice. Harvesting ripe sugarcane reduces transportation costs and increases industrial efficiency and alcoholic fermentation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of organic fertilization with poultry litter on sugarcane ripening and juice quality. We used first and second regrowth of sugarcane variety RB867515 grown in medium-textured soil. The study was conducted in the city of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of three doses of poultry litter (7.0; 10.0 and 13.0 t of dry matter ha/yr), chemical fertilization (180 kg N + 225 kg K ha/yr) and a control (no chemical or organic fertilization). In both years, sugarcane was harvested in early August. There was no influence of poultry litter fertilization on sugarcane ripening and juice quality. The average contents of soluble solids, sucrose in juice, stalk fiber and juice purity were respectively 22%; 19% and 88%.

Dry matter allocation and chemical composition of brachiaria brizantha and decumbens 45 days after emergence / Alocação da matéria seca e composição química das braquiárias brizantha e decumbens, aos 45 dias após emergência

This study evaluated dry matter allocation and chemical composition of brachiaria brizantha and decumbens under conditions of good nutrient supply. The study was conducted in the city of Coruripe, East Mesoregion of the state of Alagoas, in a medium-textured dystrophic red-yellow latosol. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five replications, and the plots consisted of five furrows of five meters in length, spaced 0.60 meters apart. Phosphorus was applied at the bottom the open furrows at a dose equivalent to 50 kg of P ha-1. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were applied at doses equivalent to 150 ha-1 when plants were approximately 5 cm tall.  Evaluations of dry matter accumulation and allocation were carried out 45 days after plant emergence, when light interception by leaves was approximately 90%.  Both species showed high growth rates, with an average shoot dry matter accumulation of 5.64 t ha-1, but brachiaria decumbens was about 25% more productive than brachiaria brizantha. There was no effect of the species on the percentage of dry matter allocation and about 50% of it was allocated to in the leaves. There was also no species effect on shoot crude protein content, which had an average of 106 g kg-1, enough to ensure good ruminal fermentation. Brachiaria decumbens had higher calcium, magnesium and sulfur contents compared to brachiaria brizantha, although adequate contents of these three nutrients were also found in brachiaria brizantha

Sugarcane Production Systems in Small Rural Properties

Sugarcane grown in small rural properties of the Zona da Mata region, located in the southeast of the state of Minas Gerais (MG), is generally intended for animal feed and the production of rapadura, brown sugar, cachaça, and ethanol. This chapter focuses on the authors’ experience on technologies recommended to small farmers for the implantation and management of sugarcane plantations. The following issues are addressed and discussed: planning and preparation of the sugarcane plantation; soil sampling and soil fertility assessment; application of lime and gypsum; setting up seedling nurseries; green fertilization in the areas of planting and renewal of sugarcane plantation; soil preparation, planting and chemical fertilization of plant-cane; weed and pest control; chemical fertilization of ratoon; assessment of sugarcane nutritional status; organic fertilization with crop residues and agroindustrial residues; mineralization of sugarcane straw; assessment of broth quality and sugar production; and renewal of the sugarcane plantation

Nitrogen fertilization in sugarcane nurseries / Adubação nitrogenada em viveiros de cana-de-açúcar

The production of healthy sugarcane seedlings and varieties with high yield potential is the most costly aspect in setting up a sugarcane field. This study evaluated the effect of nitrogen fertilization at 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1 on plant nutritional status and seedling yield of two varieties of sugarcane: RB835486 and RB867515. The study was conducted in an experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications in a medium textured soil in the city of Mercês, located in the Mata Mineira region, from October 2015 to March 2016. The soil received liming and gypsum at a dose of 5.0 t of dolomitic limestone and 1.5 t of gypsum. The soil was then plowed, harrowed and subsoiled. We applied 100 kg P (229 kg P2O5) and 200 kg potassium to the bottom of the planting furrow. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect plant nutritional status and seedling yield. The plants were well nourished and the average yield was 65 t of seedlings per hectare.The production of healthy sugarcane seedlings and varieties with high yield potential is the most costly aspect in setting up a sugarcane field. This study evaluated the effect of nitrogen fertilization at 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1 on plant nutritional status and seedling yield of two varieties of sugarcane: RB835486 and RB867515. The study was conducted in an experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications in a medium textured soil in the city of Mercês, located in the Mata Mineira region, from October 2015 to March 2016. The soil received liming and gypsum at a dose of 5.0 t of dolomitic limestone and 1.5 t of gypsum. The soil was then plowed, harrowed and subsoiled. We applied 100 kg P (229 kg P2O5) and 200 kg potassium to the bottom of the planting furrow. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect plant nutritional status and seedling yield. The plants were well nourished and the average yield was 65 t of seedlings per hectare