Spatial-territorial factors of economic growth in the Russian Federation

Relevance. In contemporary economic research, the study of the diversity of factors of national economic growth is gaining more and more significance, particularly with regard to the so-called 'spatial-territorial factors'. In contrast to the existing concepts of regional and spatial economy, the approach described in this paper is based on the hypothesis that it is possible to accelerate national economic growth. It can be done by stimulating extended economic reproduction on the subnational level, that is, on the level of relatively independent and self-contained spatial and administrative units such as regions of the Russian Federation, municipalities, agglomerations, etc.Research objective. The study aims to propose a decomposition of the economic growth rates in Russia by territorial units and to describe the spatial-territorial factors of national economic growth.Data and methods. To characterize the spatial-territorial factors, we used indices of the physical volume of gross regional product (GRP) and gross value added (GVA) in types of economic activities in Russian regions in percentage to the previous year for the period of 2013-2018. The types of economic activities were specified according to the Russian Classifier of Economic Activities of 2007 (OKVED) (Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community - NACE Rev. 1.1 (2013-2016)) and OKVED-2 (NACE Rev.2 (2017-2018)).Results. We estimated the contributions of Russian regions to national economic growth by analyzing the data on the key types of economic activities in a 6-year period (2013-2018). We also identified the regions which accounted for the largest losses in economic growth, on the one hand, and those which, on the other hand, acted as drivers of the country's economic development.Conclusion. There is a small number of regions lagging in terms of GRP and their influence on the national rates of economic growth is also insignificant. The general rates of GRP decline in a region are determined, first and foremost, by the sluggish growth in those types of economic activities that have the largest share in GRP. The number and share of the regions which demonstrate extended economic reproduction, that is, deliver at least 2% growth a year, are also quite small. These regions make up slightly more than 19% of the country's GRP. The largest group of regions comprises those regions that do not go beyond the simple reproduction (their growth rates are less than 2% a year), while their share in the country's GRP exceeds 74%.The so-called ‘heavyweights’ - regions accounting for the largest share in the country's total GRP - have the strongest effect on the national rates of economic growth, hindering it. It is the economic structure of these regions that has the biggest influence on the country's performance in such types of economic activities as wholesale and retail trade and maintenance and repair of motor vehicles. Sadly, it is in these sectors that the 'heavyweights' demonstrate the largest losses in GVA. As a result, these sectors suffer the most, which is bound to be reflected in the country's overall economic growth

Russian oil and gas regions during the COVID-19 crisis and their digital transformation

Relevance. One of the key long-term strategic goals of Russia's economic development is to increase the share of the digital and green economy in the gross product of the country and its regions.  The recession caused by the pandemic has brought to the forefront the challenges of digitalization in the country's oil and gas sector, which was among the hardest hit sectors, and thus required significant effort on the part of regional governments.Research objective. This research aims to demonstrate the key role played by digitalization and environmentalization in the recovery of the Russian oil and gas regions from the pandemic.Data and methods. The study provides an overview of the Russian and international research literature on the ways to foster economic recovery and growth after the COVID-19 pandemic, including the publications of the United Nations and the World Economic Forum. Methodologically, the study relies on the empirical, general scientific methods and methods of economic statistics. We used in our calculations the data from the open-access statistical yearbook 'Russian Regions' published by Rosstat.Results The study analyzed the challenges of digitalization faced by Russian oil and gas regions to show the need for institutional transformations on the national level. We also formulated some recommendations for the improvement of the evaluation of regional governments' digitalization efforts in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the more general evaluation of the digital transformation of regional economies.Conclusions To stimulate economic growth of Russian oil and gas regions recovering from the pandemic, a viable strategy would be to place a greater emphasis on their sustainable and digital development. In the international rankings such as the EDGI Ranking presented  annually by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), Russia occupies a high position in terms of e-government services and digitalization in other spheres. Nevertheless, as far as the Russian oil and gas regions are concerned, there are considerable disparities in terms of digitalization. To accelerate digital transformation, we would highly recommend to improve the methods of evaluation of the digital progress in regional government, especially to include a set of indicators characterising regional governments' responses to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic

Пространственно-территориальные факторы экономического роста Российской Федерации

Received December 24, 2020; accepted March 3, 2021.Дата поступления 24 декабря 2020 г.; дата принятия к печати 3 марта 2021 г.Relevance. In contemporary economic research, the study of the diversity of factors of national economic growth is gaining more and more significance, particularly with regard to the so-called ‘spatial-territorial factors’. In contrast to the existing concepts of regional and spatial economy, the approach described in this paper is based on the hypothesis that it is possible to accelerate national economic growth. It can be done by stimulating extended economic reproduction on the subnational level, that is, on the level of relatively independent and self-contained spatial and administrative units such as regions of the Russian Federation, municipalities, agglomerations, etc. Research objective. The study aims to propose a decomposition of the economic growth rates in Russia by territorial units and to describe the spatial-territorial factors of national economic growth. Data and methods. To characterize the spatial-territorial factors, we used indices of the physical volume of gross regional product (GRP) and gross value added (GVA) in types of economic activities in Russian regions in percentage to the previous year for the period of 2013–2018. The types of economic activities were specified according to the Russian Classifier of Economic Activities of 2007 (OKVED) (Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community – NACE Rev. 1.1 (2013–2016)) and OKVED-2 (NACE Rev.2 (2017–2018)). Results. We estimated the contributions of Russian regions to national economic growth by analyzing the data on the key types of economic activities in a 6-year period (2013–2018). We also identified the regions which accounted for the largest losses in economic growth, on the one hand, and those which, on the other hand, acted as drivers of the country’s economic development. Conclusion. There is a small number of regions lagging in terms of GRP and their influence on the national rates of economic growth is also insignificant. The general rates of GRP decline in a region are determined, first and foremost, by the sluggish growth in those types of economic activities that have the largest share in GRP. The number and share of the regions which demonstrate extended economic reproduction, that is, deliver at least 2% growth a year, are also quite small. These regions make up slightly more than 19% of the country’s GRP. The largest group of regions comprises those regions that do not go beyond the simple reproduction (their growth rates are less than 2% a year), while their share in the country’s GRP exceeds 74%. The so-called ‘heavyweights’ – regions accounting for the largest share in the country’s total GRP – have the strongest effect on the national rates of economic growth, hindering it. It is the economic structure of these regions that has the biggest influence on the country’s performance in such types of economic activities as wholesale and retail trade and maintenance and repair of motor vehicles. Sadly, it is in these sectors that the ‘heavyweights’ demonstrate the largest losses in GVA. As a result, these sectors suffer the most, which is bound to be reflected in the country’s overall economic growth.Актуальность. На современном этапе все более актуально исследование расширенной классификации факторов экономического роста национальной экономики, дополненной так называемыми «пространственно-территориальными факторами». В отличие от существующих концепций региональной и пространственной экономики, подход, описанный в этой статье, основан на гипотезе о возможности ускорения национального экономического роста. Это может быть сделано путем стимулирования расширенного экономического воспроизводства на субнациональном уровне, то есть на уровне относительно независимых и автономных пространственно-административных единиц, таких как регионы Российской Федерации, муниципалитеты, агломерации и т. д. Цель исследования – предложить декомпозицию темпов национального экономического роста в разрезе территориальных образований, оценка пространственно-территориальных факторов национального экономического роста. Данные и методы. Для характеристики пространственно-территориальных факторов использовались показатели физического объема валового регионального продукта (ВРП) и валовой добавленной стоимости (ВДС) по видам экономической деятельности в регионах России в процентах к предыдущему году за период. 2013–2018 гг. Виды экономической деятельности определены в соответствии с Российским классификатором экономической деятельности 2007 г. (ОКВЭД) (Статистическая классификация видов экономической деятельности в Европейском сообществе – NACE Rev.1.1 (2013–2016)) и ОКВЭД-2 (NACE Rev.2). (2017–2018)). Результаты. Мы оценили вклад регионов России в рост национальной экономики, проанализировав данные по ключевым видам экономической деятельности за 6-летний период (2013–2018 гг.). Мы также выявили регионы с учетом их значимости, с одной стороны, обуславливающие потери в национальном экономическом росте, с другой стороны, выступающие его драйвером. Выводы. Количество стагнирующих по показателю ВРП регионов невелико и влияние их на национальные темпы экономического роста является невысоким. Выявлено, что общие темпы снижения ВРП региона определяются, в первую очередь, стагнирующими тенденциями видов экономической деятельности, имеющих наибольший удельный вес в ВРП. Относительно невелики количество и масштабы регионов, показывающих расширенное воспроизводство, за критерий которого было взято достижение не менее двух процентов в среднем за год. Суммарный удельный вес подобных регионов в ВРП Российской Федерации составляет чуть более 19%. Самая крупная группа – регионы, обеспечивающие лишь простое воспроизводство (темпы роста – менее двух процентов в год), их удельный вес превышает 74% в ВРП Российской Федерации. Наибольший тормозящий национальные темпы экономического роста эффект оказывают так называемые регионы-«тяжеловесы», удельный вес которых наибольший в суммарном российском ВРП. В частности, ввиду сложившейся структуры экономики регионов-«тяжеловесов», в наибольшей степени они влияют на вид экономической деятельности «торговля оптовая и розничная; ремонт автотранспортных средств и мотоциклов», но именно по этому виду эти регионы демонстрируют наибольшие потери валовой добавленной стоимости. В результате этот сектор несет масштабные потери и ощутимо негативно влияет на темпы экономического роста для российской экономики в целом.The research was carried out as part of the state assignment to Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation.Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра Российской академии наук Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации

Microlensing in the double quasar SBS1520+530

We present the results of a monitoring campaign of the double quasar SBS1520+530 at Maidanak observatory from April 2003 to August 2004. We obtained light curves in V and R filters that show small-amplitude \Delta m~0.1 mag intrinsic variations of the quasar on time scales of about 100 days. The data set is consistent with the previously determined time delay of \Delta t=(130+-3) days by Burud et al. (2002). We find that the time delay corrected magnitude difference between the quasar images is now larger by (0.14+-0.03) mag than during the observations by Burud et al. (2002). This confirms the presence of gravitational microlensing variations in this system.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in A&

Mapping resistance to the bird cherry-oat aphid and the greenbug in wheat using sequence-based genotyping

Citation: Crespo-Herrera, L. A., Akhunov, E., Garkava-Gustavsson, L., Jordan, K. W., Smith, C. M., Singh, R. P., & Åhman, I. (2014). Mapping resistance to the bird cherry-oat aphid and the greenbug in wheat using sequence-based genotyping. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 127(9), 1963-1973.The aphids Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis graminum are important pests of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Characterization of the genetic bases of resistance sources is crucial to facilitate the development of resistant wheat cultivars to these insects. We examined 140 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross of the susceptible wheat Seri M82 with the synthetic hexaploid wheat CWI76364, resistant to both aphid species. The RILs were phenotyped for R. padi antibiosis and tolerance traits. Phenotyping of S. graminum resistance was based on leaf chlorosis in a greenhouse screening, and also on the number of S. graminum per tiller in a field trial. Seedling pubescence was scored in each RIL. Using a sequence-based genotyping method we located genomic regions associated to these resistance traits. One QTL for R. padi antibiosis was found in chromosome 4BL; it explained 10.2% of phenotypic variation and was located 14.6 cM apart from the pubescence locus. However, we did not find any association between plant pubescence and the other resistance traits. We found two QTLs for tolerance to R. padi in chromosomes 5AL and 5BL, with an epistatic interaction between a locus in chromosome 3AL and the tolerance QTL in 5AL. These genomic regions together explained about 35% of the phenotypic variation. We confirmed the location of a previously reported gene for S. graminum resistance (Gba) in 7DL and found an additional, novel QTL associated with the number of aphids per tiller in chromosome 2DL. This is the first report where resistance to R. padi in wheat is mapped and also where chromosome 2DL shown to be associated with S. graminum resistance

Российские нефтегазовые регионы в период коронакризиса и их цифровая трансформация

Received July 10, 2021; accepted September 2, 2021.Дата поступления 10 июля 2021 г.; дата принятия к печати 2 сентября 2021 г.Relevance. One of the key long-term strategic goals of Russia’s economic development is to increase the share of the digital and green economy in the gross product of the country and its regions. The recession caused by the pandemic has brought to the forefront the challenges of digitalization in the country’s oil and gas sector, which was among the hardest hit sectors, and thus required significant effort on the part of regional governments. Data and methods. The study provides an overview of the Russian and international research literature on the ways to foster economic recovery and growth after the COVID-19 pandemic, including the publications of the United Nations and the World Economic Forum. Methodologically, the study relies on the empirical, general scientific methods and methods of economic statistics. We used in our calculations the data from the open-access statistical yearbook ‘Russian Regions’ published by Rosstat. Results The study analyzed the challenges of digitalization faced by Russian oil and gas regions to show the need for institutional transformations on the national level. We also formulated some recommendations for the improvement of the evaluation of regional governments’ digitalization efforts in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the more general evaluation of the digital transformation of regional economies. Conclusions To stimulate economic growth of Russian oil and gas regions recovering from the pandemic, a viable strategy would be to place a greater emphasis on their sustainable and digital development. In the international rankings such as the EDGI Ranking presented annually by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), Russia occupies a high position in terms of e-government services and digitalization in other spheres. Nevertheless, as far as the Russian oil and gas regions are concerned, there are considerable disparities in terms of digitalization. To accelerate digital transformation, we would highly recommend to improve the methods of evaluation of the digital progress in regional government, especially to include a set of indicators characterising regional governments’ responses to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.Актуальность. Одной из стратегических целей экономического развития Российской Федерации в долгосрочной перспективе является повышение доли цифровой и «зелёной» экономики в валовом продукте страны и её регионов. Экономический спад, вызванный пандемией новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19, актуализирует задачи цифровизации нефтегазовых отраслей российской экономики как одних из наиболее пострадавших, тем самым предъявляя вызовы региональным органам государственной власти и управления. Данные и методы. Для проведения исследования были использованы и проанализированы российские и зарубежные работы по теме преодоления последствий мирового кризиса, вызванного пандемией новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19, в том числе публикации Организации Объединенных Наций и Всемирного экономического форума. В работе были использованы эмпирические, общенаучные и экономико-статистические методы исследования. Аналитические расчеты проведены по материалам статистического сборника «Регионы России», находящегося в открытом доступе на официальном сайте Росстата. Результаты. В рамках исследования был произведен анализ проблем цифровизации, стоящих перед нефтегазовыми регионами. Обоснована необходимость институциональных преобразований на государственном уровне. Даны рекомендации по совершенствованию систем оценки цифровизации региональных правительств в условиях преодоления кризиса, вызванного пандемией COVID-19, и региональных экономик в целом. Выводы. Для стимулирования экономического роста российских нефтегазовых регионов, восстанавливающихся после пандемии, необходимо сделать больший упор на их устойчивое и цифровое развитие. В международных рейтингах, таких как рейтинг EDGI, ежегодно представляемый Департаментом по экономическим и социальным вопросам ООН (ДЭСВ ООН), Россия занимает высокие позиции касательно электронного правительства и цифровизации в других сферах. Тем не менее, в российских нефтегазовых регионах существуют значительные различия в плане цифровизации. Чтобы ускорить цифровую трансформацию, мы настоятельно рекомендуем улучшить методы оценки цифрового прогресса в региональных органах власти, в особенности включить набор показателей, характеризующих реакцию региональных правительств на вызовы, создаваемые пандемией COVID-19.The research was conducted in execution of the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation given to the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (UFRC RAS).Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения плана НИР УФИЦ РАН по государственному заданию Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ

Examining the transcriptional response in wheat Fhb1 near-isogenic lines to Fusarium graminearum infection and deoxynivalenol treatment

Citation: Hofstad, A. N., Nussbaumer, T., Akhunov, E., Shin, S., Kugler, K. G., Kistler, H. C., . . . Muehlbauer, G. J. (2016). Examining the transcriptional response in wheat Fhb1 near-isogenic lines to Fusarium graminearum infection and deoxynivalenol treatment. Plant Genome, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2015.05.0032Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease caused predominantly by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum that affects wheat and other small-grain cereals and can lead to severe yield loss and reduction in grain quality. Trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), accumulate during infection and increase pathogen virulence and decrease grain quality. The Fhb1 locus on wheat chromosome 3BS confers Type II resistance to FHB and resistance to the spread of infection on the spike and has been associated with resistance to DON accumulation. To gain a better genetic understanding of the functional role of Fhb1 and resistance or susceptibility to FHB, we examined DON and ergosterol accumulation, FHB resistance, and the whole-genome transcriptomic response using RNA-seq in a near-isogenic line (NIL) pair carrying the resistant and susceptible alleles for Fhb1 during F. graminearum infection and DON treatment. Our results provide a gene expression atlas for the resistant and susceptible wheat–F. graminearum interaction. The DON concentration and transcriptomic results show that the rachis is a key location for conferring Type II resistance. In addition, the wheat transcriptome analysis revealed a set of Fhb1-responsive genes that may play a role in resistance and a set of DON-responsive genes that may play a role in trichothecene resistance. Transcriptomic results from the pathogen show that the F. graminearum genome responds differently to the host level of resistance. The results of this study extend our understanding of host and pathogen responses in the wheat–F. graminearum interaction. © Crop Science Society of America

ОЦЕНКА ИННОВАЦИОННОГО ЭФФЕКТА В НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ И РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

This paper presents the results of the analysis of the effectiveness of innovation by the method of resulted expenses. The results of modernization are predicted by information of production of the main economic branches. The research has been conducted on the basis of the input-output balance in System of National Account and in Balance of the National Economy.Проводится анализ эффективности внедрения инноваций методом приведенных затрат. Осуществлено прогнозирование результатов модернизации на основе информации о производимой продукции основных видов экономической деятельности. Расчеты проведены с использованием показателей межотраслевого баланса по системе баланса народного хозяйства и по системе национальных счетов

Time delays in PG1115+080: new estimates

We report new estimates of the time delays in the quadruple gravitationally lensed quasar PG1115+080, obtained from the monitoring data in filter R with the 1.5-m telescope at the Maidanak Mountain (Uzbekistan, Central Asia) in 2004-2006. The time delays are 16.4 days between images C and B, and 12 days between C and A1+A2, with image C being leading for both pairs. The only known estimates of the time delays in PG1115 are those based on observations by Schechter et al. (1997) -- 23.7 and 9.4 days between images C and B, C and A1+A2, respectively, as calculated by Schechter et al., and 25 and 13.3 days as revised by Barkana (1997) for the same image components with the use of another method. The new values of time delays in PG 1115+080 may be expected to provide larger estimates of the Hubble constant thus decreasing a diversity between the H_0 estimates taken from gravitationally lensed quasars and with other methods.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS Letter

A haplotype map of allohexaploid wheat reveals distinct patterns of selection on homoeologous genomes

Citation: Jordan, K. W., Wang, S., Lun, Y., Gardiner, L. J., MacLachlan, R., Hucl, P., . . . Akhunov, E. (2015). A haplotype map of allohexaploid wheat reveals distinct patterns of selection on homoeologous genomes. Genome Biology, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0606-4Background: Bread wheat is an allopolyploid species with a large, highly repetitive genome. To investigate the impact of selection on variants distributed among homoeologous wheat genomes and to build a foundation for understanding genotype-phenotype relationships, we performed population-scale re-sequencing of a diverse panel of wheat lines. Results: A sample of 62 diverse lines was re-sequenced using the whole exome capture and genotyping-by-sequencing approaches. We describe the allele frequency, functional significance, and chromosomal distribution of 1.57 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and 161,719 small indels. Our results suggest that duplicated homoeologous genes are under purifying selection. We find contrasting patterns of variation and inter-variant associations among wheat genomes; this, in addition to demographic factors, could be explained by differences in the effect of directional selection on duplicated homoeologs. Only a small fraction of the homoeologous regions harboring selected variants overlapped among the wheat genomes in any given wheat line. These selected regions are enriched for loci associated with agronomic traits detected in genome-wide association studies. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that directional selection in allopolyploids rarely acted on multiple parallel advantageous mutations across homoeologous regions, likely indicating that a fitness benefit could be obtained by a mutation at any one of the homoeologs. Additional advantageous variants in other homoelogs probably either contributed little benefit, or were unavailable in populations subjected to directional selection. We hypothesize that allopolyploidy may have increased the likelihood of beneficial allele recovery by broadening the set of possible selection targets. © 2015 Jordan et al.; licensee BioMed Central.Additional Authors: Talbert, L.;Bansal, U. K.;Bariana, H. S.;Hayden, M. J.;Pozniak, C.;Jeddeloh, J. A.;Hall, A