AVALIAÇÃO DE SEGURANÇA E ANALGESIA DE PROTOCOLOS ANESTÉSICOS PARA ELETROEJACULAÇÃO EM GATOS DOMÉSTICOS (Felis catus)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the security and analgesia of anesthetics protocols usually used for electroejaculation (EEJ) in domestic cats. Fourteen toms were anesthetized with 4 protocols and submitted to a 3 series of electric stimuli (2-6 mA). The heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, pain sensibility and eyes blink were analyzed prior and after induction, and during and after electroejaculation. The anesthesia protocol thatused isoflurane was the best for analgesic parameters, security and speed of recuperation for electroejaculation in domestic cat

Semen quality, testicular B-mode and Doppler ultrasound, and serum testosterone concentrations in dogs with established infertility

Retrospective examination of breeding records enabled the identification of 10 dogs of normal fertility and 10 dogs with established infertility of at least 12 months of duration. Comparisons of testicular palpation, semen evaluation, testicular ultrasound examination, Doppler ultrasound measurement of testicular artery blood flow, and measurement of serum testosterone concentration were made between the two groups over weekly examinations performed on three occasions. There were no differences in testicular volume (cm3) between the two groups (fertile right testis = 10.77 ± 1.66; fertile left testis = 12.17 ± 2.22); (infertile right testis = 10.25 ± 3.33; infertile left testis = 11.37 ± 3.30), although the infertile dogs all had subjectively softer testes compared with the fertile dogs. Infertile dogs were either azoospermic or when they ejaculated, they had lower sperm concentration, sperm motility, and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa than fertile dogs. Furthermore, infertile dogs had reduced sperm membrane integrity measured via the hypoosmotic swelling test. Infertile dogs had significantly lower basal serum testosterone concentrations (1.40 ± 0.62 ng/mL) than fertile dogs (1.81 ± 0.87 ng/mL; P < 0.05). There were subjective differences in testicular echogenicity in some of the infertile dogs, and important differences in testicular artery blood flow with lower peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities measured in the distal supratesticular artery, marginal testicular artery, and intratesticular artery of infertile dogs (P < 0.05). Notably, resistance index and pulsatility index did not differ between infertile and fertile dogs. These findings report important differences between infertile and fertile dogs which may be detected within an expanded breeding soundness examination

Semen quality, testicular B-mode and Doppler ultrasound, and serum testosterone concentrations in dogs with established infertility

Retrospective examination of breeding records enabled the identification of 10 dogs of normal fertility and 10 dogs with established infertility of at least 12 months of duration. Comparisons of testicular palpation, semen evaluation, testicular ultrasound examination, Doppler ultrasound measurement of testicular artery blood flow, and measurement of serum testosterone concentration were made between the two groups over weekly examinations performed on three occasions. There were no differences in testicular volume (cm3) between the two groups (fertile right testis = 10.77 ± 1.66; fertile left testis = 12.17 ± 2.22); (infertile right testis = 10.25 ± 3.33; infertile left testis = 11.37 ± 3.30), although the infertile dogs all had subjectively softer testes compared with the fertile dogs. Infertile dogs were either azoospermic or when they ejaculated, they had lower sperm concentration, sperm motility, and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa than fertile dogs. Furthermore, infertile dogs had reduced sperm membrane integrity measured via the hypoosmotic swelling test. Infertile dogs had significantly lower basal serum testosterone concentrations (1.40 ± 0.62 ng/mL) than fertile dogs (1.81 ± 0.87 ng/mL; P < 0.05). There were subjective differences in testicular echogenicity in some of the infertile dogs, and important differences in testicular artery blood flow with lower peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities measured in the distal supratesticular artery, marginal testicular artery, and intratesticular artery of infertile dogs (P < 0.05). Notably, resistance index and pulsatility index did not differ between infertile and fertile dogs. These findings report important differences between infertile and fertile dogs which may be detected within an expanded breeding soundness examination

Uso do acetato de deslorelina como contraceptivo em gatos domésticos

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do acetato de deslorelina como contraceptivo em felinos domésticos. Foram utilizados 15 gatos domésticos (10 fêmeas e 5 machos). As fêmeas foram acompanhadas através de citologias vaginais (CV), observação do comportamento sexual a cada 72 horas e dosagem de progesterona plasmática a cada 7dias. Quando em interestro/diestro as gatas foram submetidas à associação anestésica e um implante de acetato de deslorelina (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Austrália; 4,7 mg/animal) foi aplicado, permanecendo por 90 dias depois. Dez dias após a retirada do implante o estro e a ovulação foram induzidos com eCG e Hcg; três dias após as fêmeas foram submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia. As tubas uterinas e útero foram lavados e o liquido recuperado foi observado para identificação e contagem de possíveis oócitos. Os oócitos foram isolados e corados para avaliação da viabilidade, os corpos lúteos quantificados e o cálculo da taxa de recuperação oocitária foi realizado.. Os ovários e útero foram avaliados quanto à histologia. Alterações histológicas foram descritas e as concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona foram submetidas a teste de normalidade e posteriormente submetidas ao Teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os demais resultados estão descritos em forma de média e desvio padrão. Os machos foram submetidos a duas avaliações andrológicas (M1 e M2) sempre precedidas de anestesia geral, imediatamente após a M2, um implante de acetato de deslorelina (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Austrália; 4,7 mg/animal) foi aplicado em cada gato. Após o inicio do tratamento foram realizadas mais três avaliações andrológicas (M3, M4 e M5) com intervalo de 30 dias. Após a M5, os implantes foram retirados e uma hemi orquiectomia realizada. Mais duas avaliações...This study aimed evaluates the deslorelin acetate effects as a contraceptive in domestic felids. Fifteen domestic cats (10 females and 5 males) were used. The females were evaluated trough vaginal cytology (VC) and sexual behavior every 72 hours, and progesterone plasmatic concentration every 7 days. When in interestrous/diestrous the queens were submitted to an anesthetic protocol and receive one deslorelin acetate implant (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Australia; 4.7 mg/animal), remaining in treatment for 90 days. Teen days after the implant removal the estrous and ovulation were induced with eCG and hCG; three days after, all females were submitted to surgical castration. The oviduts and uterus were washed and the recovered liquid was observed for oocytes identification and count. The recovered oocytes were isolated and stained for viability evaluation, the corpus luteum were quantified and the oocyte recovery tax was calculated. Histologic evaluation was carried out in the ovary and uterus. The histologic evaluations were described and progesterone plasmatic concentration were submitted to Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The remaining results were described as mean and standard deviation. Males were submitted to two andrological evaluations (M1 and M2), always preceded by anesthetic protocol. Immediately after M2, every cat receives one deslorelin acetate implant (Suprelorin® Peptech Animal Health Pty Limited, Australia; 4.7 mg/animal). After contraceptive treatment beginning, three andrological evaluations were conducted (M3, M4, and M5) with 30 days interval. After M5, the implants were removed and a hemiorquiectomy was performed. Other two andrological evaluations were performed (M6 and M7) with 30 days interval and at M7 the remaining testicle were removed. The testicles were submitted ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Efeitos do acetato de deslorelina sobre a produção in vivo e in vitro de embriões de gatas domésticas

Deslorelin acetate promotes a long, safe and efficient contraception; however reversibility is consider progressive and asynchronous. We aim to evaluate the effects of deslorelin acetate on in vitro and in vivo embryo production in domestic cats. For that 2 experiments were performed. Experiment 1: The objective was to investigate the effect of contraceptive treatment with deslorelin acetate in in vitro embryo production and oocyte recovery in domestic queens. Twenty one queens (Treated n=11 and Control n=10) and one tom were used. Eleven queens were treated with deslorelin acetate (4.7mg/animal) during 6 months. Thereafter all females (treated and control) were spayed and the ovaries were included in in vitro embryo production routines (PIV). Rate of COC recovery was submitted to t test. Cleavage and blastocyst rate were expressed in percentage and submitted to Fisher's exact test. All analyses were performed in GraphPad Pisma v5.0 program, P < 0.05. One female developed galactorrhoea and was removed from experimental group. In Control group we recovered 18.4±3.21 of COC I, cleavage rate was 55.97% and blastocyst rate was 33.99%.In Treated group we recovered 8.3±1.15 of COC I, cleavage rate was 60.24% and blastocyst rate was 36%. Statistical difference was only observed in COC recovery, were treated cats had fewer than control group. Although we didn't found differences on embryo production, individual variation must be considered. Experiment 2: We aimed to evaluate in vivo embryo production, trough pregnancies, and also identify estrogen (ER-α) and progesterone (PgR) receptors in uterus and FSH (FSH-R) and LH (LH-R) receptors in ovaries from queen treated with deslorelin acetate. We used 25 queens and one tom, 15 queens were treated with deslorelin acetate (4.7mg/animal) for 3 months. After that, all implants were removed and estrous and ovulation was induced. After 24hs five queens were maintained with one tom and mating was ...O acetato de deslorelina promove uma contracepção de longa duração segura e eficaz, porém a reversibilidade espontânea é progressiva e assincrônica. O objetivo geral foi avaliar os efeitos do acetato de deslorelina sobre a produção in vivo e in vitro de embriões de gatas domésticas. Para tanto foram realizados 2 experimentos. Experimento 1: Objetivou-se avaliar a taxa de produção de embriões in vitro em gatas tratadas com acetato de deslorelina. Foram utilizadas 21 fêmeas (Tratado n=11 e Controle n=10). Onze gatas receberam um implante de deslorelina (4,7mg/animal) e o tratamento durou 6 meses. Após o tratamento, todas as fêmeas (Tratado e Controle) foram submetidas à OSH para que seus ovários fossem incluídos em rotinas de produção de embriões in vitro (PIV). A taxa de recuperação de COC foi submetida ao teste t de Student. As taxas de clivagem e blastocisto foram expressas em porcentagem e submetidas ao teste exato de Fisher. Todas as análises foram realizadas no programa GraphPad v5.0, P<0.05. Uma gata apresentou galactorréia e foi retirada do grupo experimental. Foram obtidos 184 COC grau I, a taxa de clivagem foi em média de 55,97% (total de 103 mórulas) e de blastocisto de 33,99% (total de 33 blastocistos) no grupo Controle. Já no grupo Tratado foram obtidos 83 COC grau I e a taxa de clivagem foi em média 60,24% (total de 50 mórulas) e de blastocisto foi de 36% (total de 18 blastocistos). Só houve diferença estatística entre os grupos na taxa de recuperação de COC grau I. A taxa de recuperação de COC foi menor em gatas tratadas, porém a PIV apresentou taxas similares à de fêmeas não tratadas. Devem-se considerar as variações individuais no grupo tratado. Experimento 2: Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de embriões in vivo, a taxa de concepção, bem como a presença de receptores de estrógeno e progesterona no útero, e receptores de LH e FSH em ovários de gatas submetidas ao tratamento com...Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Uso de agonistas do GnRH na contracepção de felinos: revisão de literatura

In several feline species there is a need for contraception in order to prevent overpopulations. Despite the ovariohysterectomy or ovariectomy are the methods of choice for most cats, reproductive management of endangered species requires safe and reversible contraceptive methods. Many aspects must be considered for the choice of contraceptive protocols and different methods have been described. GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonists are an alternative to methods associated with adverse effects as mammary tumors and pyometra. GnRH influences the reproductive process, modulating the gametogenesis, and therefore can be used to inhibit reproduction through direct suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis in both males and females. In female cats, GnRH agonists overlap the endogenous pulse, initially stimulating folliculogenesis and ovulation, followed by ovarian quiescence. Although effective as a contraceptive, studies are needed to elucidate the return of fertility of females treated. In male cats, suppression of testosterone, sexual behavior and the development of penile spines were observed. This way GnRH agonists can be considered a viable method of suppression of sexual function cats.En varias especies de felinos es necesario para la anticoncepción para evitar sobrepoblaciones. A pesar de que la ovariectomía u ovariohisterectomía son los métodos de elección para la mayoría de los gatos, la cría de especies en peligro de extinción requiere de métodos anticonceptivos seguros y reversibles. Muchos aspectos deben ser considerados para la elección de los protocolos y diferentes métodos anticonceptivos se han descrito. Agonistas de la GnRH (hormona liberadora de gonadotropina) es una alternativa a los métodos asociados con efectos adversos como tumores mamários e piometra. GnRH influye en el proceso reproductivo, la modulación de la gametogénesis, y por lo tanto puede ser utilizado para inhibir la reproducción mediante la supresión directa del eje hipotálamo-hipófisisgonadal tanto en machos como hembras. En las gatas, los agonistas de GnRH superponen el pulso endógena, inicialmente estimulan la ovulación y la foliculogénesis seguido de quiescencia ovárica. Aunque es eficaz como método anticonceptivo, se necesitan estudios para dilucidar el regreso de la fertilidad de las hembras tratadas. En los gatos machos, la supresión de la conducta de la testosterona, sexual y el desarrollo de las espinas del pene se observaron. Así los agonistas de GnRH pueden considerarse como un método viable de supresión de la función sexual en felinos.Em várias espécies felinas há a necessidade de contracepção no intuito de prevenir superpopulações. Apesar da ovariohisterectomia ou ovariectomia serem os métodos de escolha para a maioria dos gatos domésticos, o manejo reprodutivo de espécies em risco de extinção requer métodos contraceptivos seguros e reversíveis. Muitos aspectos devem ser considerados para a escolha de protocolos contraceptivos e diversos métodos têm sido descritos. Os agonistas do GnRH (hormônio liberador de gonadotrofinas) são uma alternativa a métodos associados a efeitos adversos, como tumores mamários e piometra. O GnRH influencia o processo reprodutivo, modulando a gametogênese, podendo, portanto, ser utilizado para inibir a reprodução pela supressão direta do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal tanto de machos quanto de fêmeas. Em fêmeas de felídeos, os agonistas GnRH sobrepõem o pulso endógeno, inicialmente estimulando a foliculogênese e a ovulação, seguida de quiescência ovariana. Apesar de eficaz como contraceptivo, estudos são necessários para elucidar o retorno da fertilidade das fêmeas. Em felídeos machos foi observada a supressão de testosterona, do comportamento sexual e do desenvolvimento das espículas penianas. Portanto os agonistas do GnRH podem ser considerados um método viável de supressão da função sexual de felídeos

Luteólise em bovinos: revisão

Luteolisys is known as a process were the corpus luteum (CL) regresses, initially characterized by a decrease in progesterone (P4) plasmatic concentration. Luteolisys is very complex and involves many processes triggered through the lack of maternal recognition and rise of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) pulsate release. Increase of pulsatility is involve with ocitocine and estrogen endometrial receptors increase. When PGF2α high concentrations bind to CL receptor a series of changes in angiogenics and vasoactivs factores gene expression are triggered influencing direct or indirectly in CL. Modifications in genetic expression are required for further increase intraluteal PGF2α concentrations and consequently decrease P4 concentrations and regressing luteal tissue. This paper objective is to review bovine luteolisys.O fenômeno da luteólise é conhecido como o processo em que o corpo lúteo (CL) sofre regressão, caracterizada inicialmente por uma diminuição na concentração plasmática de progesterona (P4). A luteólise é bastante complexa e envolve vários processos desencadeados a partir do não reconhecimento da gestação e do aumento na liberação pulsátil de prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α). O aumento na pulsatilidade está envolvido com o aumento de receptores endometriais para ocitocina e estrógeno. Quando altas concentrações de PGF2α se ligam aos receptores no CL, desencadeiam uma série de alterações nas expressões gênicas dos fatores angiogênicos e vasoativos, que influenciam direta ou indiretamente no CL. As alterações nas expressões gênicas são necessárias para aumentar ainda mais as concentrações de PGF2α intraluteal, consequentemente diminuir as concentrações de P4 e regredir o tecido luteínico. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho é revisar o processo de luteólise em bovinos