Sinonimia en el Corán y su traducción al español

Both the Arabic and Spanish languages have several synonyms that are considered one of the resources of their richness. In the Holy Quran it is noted that all the words used in the different situations are not interchangeable with their partial synonyms. In this article, we are going to study three types of partial synonymy in the Quran and how they are transmitted to Spanish in the translation of Cortés, as a model. We follow the descriptive-analytical method. We aim to discuss whether there is synonymy in the two studied languages, in general, and in the Quran, in particular. In addition, we study how synonyms or pseudo-synonyms in the Quran are translated into Spanish. We conclude that the addition of adjectives, the ellipsis or the repetition of one of the synonyms is used to translate the partial synonyms in the Quran.Tanto la lengua árabe como la española tienen varios sinónimos que se consideran uno de los recursos de su riqueza. En el Sagrado Corán se nota que todas las palabras usadas en las diferentes situaciones no son intercambiables con sus sinónimos parciales. En este trabajo, vamos a estudiar tres tipos de la sinonimia parcial en el Corán y cómo se transmiten al español en la traducción de Cortés, como modelo. Seguimos el método descriptivo-analítico. Tenemos como objetivo discutir si existe sinonimia en las dos lenguas estudiadas, en general, y en el Corán, en particular. Además, estudiamos cómo se traducen los sinónimos o pseudo-sinónimos en el Corán al español. Tenemos como conclusiones que se recurre a la adición de adjetivos, la elipsis o la repetición de uno de los sinónimos para traducir los sinónimos parciales en el Corá

Material growth and characterization for solid state devices

Manganese was used as the dopant for p-type InGaAs layers grown on semi-insulating (Fe-doped) and n-type (Sn-doped) InP substrates. Optical, electrical (Hall) and SIMS measurements were used to characterize the layers. Mn-diffusion into the substrate (during the growth of In GaAs) was observed only when Fe-doped substrates were used. Quaternary layers of two compositions corresponding to wavelengths (energy gaps) of approximated 1.52 micrometers were successfully grown at a constant temperature of 640 C and InP was grown in the temperature range of 640 C to 655 C. A study of the effect of pulses on the growth velocity of InP indicated no significant change as long as the average applied current was kept constant. A system for depositing films of Al2O3 by the pyrolysis of aluminum isopropoxide was designed and built. Deposited layers on Si were characterized with an ellipsometer and exhibited indices of refraction between 1.582 and 1.622 for films on the order of 3000 A thick. Undoped and p-type (Mn-doped) InGaAs epitaxial layers were also grown on Fe-doped InP substrates through windows in sputtered SiO2 (3200 A thick) layers

Material growth and characterization directed toward improving III-V heterojunction solar cells

In addition to the existing materials growth laboratory, the photolithographic facility and the device testing facility were completed. The majority of equipment for data acquisition, solar cell testing, materials growth and device characterization were received and are being put into operation. In the research part of the program, GaAs and GaA1As layers were grown reproducibly on GaAs substrates. These grown layers were characterized as to surface morphology, thickness and thickness uniformity. The liquid phase epitaxial growth process was used to fabricate p-n junctions in Ga(1-x)A1(x)As. Sequential deposition of two alloy layers was accomplished and detailed analysis of the effect of substrate quality and dopant on the GaA1As layer quality is presented. Finally, solar cell structures were formed by growing a thin p-GaA1As layer upon an epitaxial n-GaA1As layer. The energy gap corresponding to the long wavelength cutoff of the spectral response characteristic was 1.51-1.63 eV. Theoretical calculations of the spectral response were matched to the measured response

Cytokines as a predictor of progression to valvular disease in children with rheumatic fever

The immunologic basis of rheumatic fever is well established. However the role of penicillin in the control of the rheumatic process and the prevention of development of rheumatic heart disease is poorly understood.Objectivethe objective of this study was to monitor the changes in serum levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in children presenting with various stages of rheumatic fever over a time.Subjects and methodsStudy included 42 children aged 6–15 years with RHD followed up over one year by Doppler-echocardiography and laboratory tests to monitor IL-8 and TNF-alpha by ELISA technique.ResultsTwenty five children presented with acute arthritis with or without carditis (59.5%), all had statistically significantly high levels of IL-8 and TNF-alpha throughout the follow-up period. Of these 9 (36%) developed rheumatic reactivity and 6 (24%) developed valvular heart disease. Eight children (19%) presented with rheumatic chorea, all had significantly high levels of IL-8 and TNF-alpha throughout the follow-up period, of whom 4 (50%) developed valvular disease. Nine children (21.4%) presented with varying degrees of established chronic rheumatic heart disease, all of whom had no rise in the serum levels of IL-8 and TNF-alpha.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the clinical and epidemiological pattern of rheumatic fever is changing. Immunemodulatory responses could assist us in tracking these changing patterns of disease and assessing current protocols of management

Material growth and characterization for solid state devices

During the period of this research grant, the process of liquid phase electroepitaxy (LPEE) was used to grow ternary and quaternary alloy III-V semiconductor thin films. Selective area growth of InGaAs was performed on InP substrates using a patterned sputtered quartz or spin-on glass layer. The etch back and growth characteristics with respect to substrate orientation were investigated. The etch back behavior is somewhat different from wet chemical etching with respect to the sidewall profiles which are observed. LPEE was also employed to grow epitaxial layers of InGaAsP alloys on InP substrates. The behavior of Mn as an acceptor dopant was investigated with low temperature Hall coefficient and photoluminescence measurements. A metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy system was partially complete within the grant period. This atmospheric pressure system will be used to deposit III-V compound and alloy semiconductor layers in future research efforts

The Sidqi regime in Egypt, 1930-1935 : New perspectives.

This study focuses on statesmanship in Egypt in the early thirties. Following another of the periodic clashes between King Fuad and the Wafd, Sidqi was summoned to lead an emergency government. This time the constitutional crisis was complicated by the effects of a World Depression and attended by Egypt's partial recovery of its fiscal autonomy. Effective government was urgently needed then. Sidqi's background qualified him for the task which he assumed with architectonic vision and determination. Rising above his immediate difficulties, Sidqi transformed the crisis into an opportunity to create institutions which would buttress Egypt's independence. Convinced that excesses threatened that independence, and that imbalance underlay the compound crisis, he reinstated a dynamic equilibrium which accomodated growth to stability. His immediate priority was to adapt parliamentary life to the Egyptian situation and develop the latter to make it more conducive to the former. Thus, he re-organised the Administration, amended the Constitution and instituted a government which combined effectiveness with representativeness. At the same time he implemented a protectionist policy to stimulate and diversify the economy. Perceiving the inter-dependence between structural and institutional change, he launched an energetic campaign to cultivate compatible public attitudes and values. Preaching by example, he inspired his followers and subordinates to follow suit. Throughout, he coped with the principal political forces on the scene. With force and guile he contained his opponents and handled the British High Commissioner and the King dextrously. This enabled him to retain power long enough to institute his basic reforms. Although he succeeded in his immediate objectives, the same background which qualified him for success combined with objective factors to undermine its consolidation. The implications of his Regime, however, outlasted its duration

Practices in child growth monitoring in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region

ABSTRACT Growth reference charts are among the most sensitive and valuable tools for assessing the health and development of children. A questionnaire survey was answered by 16 of the 21 ministries of health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region countries (EMR) about their use of growth charts for children under 5 years. Most of the countries (13/16) used the NCHS/WHO charts and weight-for-age was the most commonly used. Charts for height-for-age and head circumference-for-age were less commonly used. Problems in the use of charts were identified