Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Eating Habits and Food Purchasing Behaviors of University Students

COVID-19 disease, which spread rapidly all over the world after the first case was detected, became the primary agenda of the countries. Radical measures have been taken by governments to prevent the spread of the disease. Precautions and warnings to prevent disease caused some changes on daily life activities of people. University students who have to stop education are among the groups most affected by this disease sociologically, psychologically and physiologically. The aim of this study was planned and conducted to determine the effect of COVID-19 on university students' eating habits and food purchasing behavior. The study was completed with 866 university students education and training at the faculty of health sciences. Research data was obtained by online questionnaire. This questionnaire has been prepared with the information obtained as a result of the literature review and the opinions of experts by researchers. The questionnaire includes questions about eating habits and food purchasing behaviors. A result of the study, COVID-19 disease caused significant changes in the eating habits and food purchasing behaviors of university students. In general, it was found that the participants increased their consumption compared to before COVID-19, they paid more attention to hygiene while food purchasing

The role of lıne fılms ın transfer of folklore elements to future generatıons: the sample of rafadan tayfa

Tarihi süreç içerisinde geleneksel insanın yaşam biçimi değişmiş, teknolojik ilerlemelerle farklı bir tarza bürünmüştür. Halk bilimi ile birlikte toplumların gelenekleri, görenekleri, yaşam biçimleri, insana özgü bütün davranışları kayıt altına alınmış ve geleceğe aktarılması sağlanmıştır. Kayıt altına alınan bu değerlerin çocuklara hitap edebilecek düzeye getirilmesi ise çizgi filmler ile imkân bulmuştur. Toplumlar, halk bilimi unsurlarının çocuklara aktarılması için yeni nesil araçlar olan televizyon, bilgisayar, telefon gibi teknolojik öğeleri kullanmakta ve bu sayede çocuklara ulaşmaktadırlar. Halk bilimi unsurlarının gelecek kuşaklara aktarımında çizgi filmlerin rolünün incelendiği bu çalışmada temel amaç Rafadan Tayfa çizgi filminde geçen halk bilimi unsurlarını araştırmaktır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak tasarlanan bu çalışma, derinlemesine inceleme yapılabilmesi için durum çalışması olarak yapılandırılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, çocukların çok sevdiği çizgi filmlerden olan ve TRT Çocuk kanalında yayınlanan Rafadan Tayfa’nın bölümleri oluştururken, veriler doküman incelemesi ile elde edilmiş ve içerik analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada Rafadan Tayfa çizgi filmine ait toplam 42 bölüm incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak halk bilimi unsurlarının çizgi filmlerle çocuklara aktarılabileceği ve özellikle gelenek ve göreneklerin öğretiminde çizgi filmlerin önemli bir rol oynayabileceği bu çalışma ile ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.Throughout the historical process, the traditional way of life has changed and has taken on a different style with technological advances. Together with folklore, the traditions, customs, lifestyles and all human-specific behaviors of the societies have been recorded and transferred to the future. It has been possible to bring these recorded values to a level that can appeal to children through cartoons. Societies use technological elements such as television, computer and telephone, which are the new generation tools for transferring folklore elements to children, and thus reach children. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of cartoons in the transfer of folklore elements to future generations. This study, which was designed by using qualitative research methodology, was structured as a case study for in-depth analysis. The sample of the research was composed of Rafadan Tayfa, one of the children's favorite cartoons and broadcasted on TRT Children's channel. The data were obtained through document analysis and analyzed by content analysis.In this research, 42 chapters of Rafadan Tayfa were examined. As a result, it has been demonstrated that folklore elements can be transferred to children through cartoons and cartoons can play an important role especially in teaching traditions and customs

Legal ruling methodology and essantial symbol and terms used in Shāfiʿī school

Asr-ı saadette sistematik fetva usulüne ihtiyaç duyulmamıştır. Bunun nedeni, o dönemde ortaya çıkan dinî, hukukî ve sosyal sorunların Hz. Peygamber tarafından çözülmüş olmasıdır. Vahyin doğrudan hükme bağlamadığı konularda Hz. Peygamber ictihada başvurmuştur. Hz. Peygamber, zaman zaman sahâbenin ictihadına da müsaade etmiş, hatalı olanlar hariç ictihadlarına karşı çıkmamıştır. Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonraki dönemlerde ise onun örnekliğini benimsemiş, başta hulefâ-i râşidîn olmak üzere fakih sahâbîler ve ictihad ehliyetine sahip olan fakihler, kendi anlayış ve ilmî birikimleriyle, Kur’an, sünnet ve diğer kaynakları referans alarak kendi dönemlerinde ortaya çıkan sorunlara çözümler üretmişlerdir. Şer‘î bir hüküm hakkında haber vermek anlamında olan fetva, aslında bir ictihad faaliyeti olduğu için müftü, meseleleri delilleri ile birlikte değerlendirmek durumundadır. Zira müftü, konuyla ilgili olan deliler ve muteber kaynağına dayanarak bütün gayretini göstermek suretiyle fetva verirse mesuliyetten kurtulur. Hayatını İslamî prensiplere göre yaşamak isteyen bir müslüman, ictihad ehliyetine sahip biri ise karşılaştığı amelî sorunların çözümünü kendisi bulmalıdır. Hukuk literatüründe bu seviyede olan müctehide müstakil/mutlak müctehid denir. Bu seviyeye ulaşmamakla birlikte herhangi bir mezhep içinde yetişmiş; mezhep imamının usul ve ictihad metodunu benimsemiş, kaynaklarına tam vakıf olmuş fakihe müstakil olmayan müctehid denir. Kur’ân ve sünnetten hüküm çıkarma kudretine sahip olmayan, bir başka ifadeyle fetva ehliyeti için gerekli olan şartları taşımayan (âmmî) kimseye de mukallid denir. Bu kimsenin, bir müctehidin ictihadına göre amel etmekten başka bir çaresi yoktur. Çünkü âmmî kimse, ibadet, muamelat ve ceza hukukuna ilişkin konularla ilgili ictihadları bilme ve seçme kabiliyetine sahip değildir. Fetva faaliyetinde belirli bir mezhebin görüşünü takip etmede fayda bulunmaktadır. Zira hukukî hayatın tutarlı ve düzenli bir tarzda yürüyebilmesi, dinî meselelere çözüm aranırken, bir mezhebin sistematik bütünlüğü çerçevesinde kalmaya bağlıdır. Nitekim mezhepler hukuk güvenliğini sağlamak, hukuk birliğini oluşturmak ve hukukî istikrarı temin etmek amacıyla ortaya çıkmıştır. Dolayısıyla bir mezhebe müntesip olan fıkıh bilgininin yani mukallidin, mezhep içerisinde var olan görüşlerden birini tercih ederken veya görüşlerden biriyle fetva verirken nasıl bir yol takip etmesi gerektiğini bilmelidir. Bu nedenle mukallid müftü, mensubu olduğu mezhepte tercih edilen veya fetvaya esas teşkil eden görüşe göre fetva vermelidir. Müftünün, fetva verirken takip ettiği bu metoda fetva usulü denir. Mezhepler de fetva faaliyetini disiplin altına almak için fetva usulü literatürünü geliştirmişlerdir. Böylece mezhep içi disiplini sağlamışlardır. Her mezhebin kendine has fetvada esas alınan görüşlerin belli bir hiyerarşisi vardır. Buna “alâmâtü’l-iftâ/alâmâtü’l-fetvâ” denir. Buna göre fetva veren kişi, ictihad ehliyetine sahipse şer‘i kaynaklardan hüküm elde eder. İctihad ehliyetine sahip değilse hangi mezhebe göre fetva verecekse o mezhebin fetva usulünü bilmeli ve kullanmalıdır. Çünkü her mezhebin hem iftâ usulü hem mezhep literatüründe fetva ile ilgili kullandığı terimler birbirinden farklıdır. Bu mezheplerden biri olan Şâfiî mezhebi de ortaya çıkan yeni meselelere çözümler üretmek maksadıyla kendi disiplini içerisinde bir takım yöntemler kullanarak fetva usulünü oluşturmuş ve geliştirmiştir. Bu çalışmayla Şâfîî mezhebinin fetva usulü incelenerek, hiyerarşik yapısının ortaya konulması hedeflenmiştir. Bu kapsamda farklı dönemlerde ortaya çıkan usule ilişkin uygulamalar detaylı bir şekilde izah edilmiştir. Diğer mezheplerde olduğu gibi Şâfiî mezhebinin gelişmesiyle birlikte yaygın olarak kullanılan ıstılahlar irdelenmiş ve mezhebin fetva usulünün seyri ortaya konmuştur.A systematic legal ruling (fatwa) methodology was not needed in the century of happiness. This is simply because all religious, legal and social problems were solved by the Prophet (His Holiness). For the issues, not directly addressed by divine revelation, the Prophet (His Holiness) compromised a judicial decision. He sometimes let some companions issue an opinion-based decree and did not oppose to them if they were not mistaken. In the years following the death of the Prophet (His Holiness), he was imitated by companions who were competent in religious law – particularly the four caliphates. By basing on their points of view and scholarly studies as well as referring to the Qur’an, Sunnah and other Islamic sources, they offered solutions for the problems arising in their periods. As fatwa, meaning to inform people of a religious decree, is a judicial activity, mufti has to examine issues through their evidences. If he endeavours to issue a legal ruling by assessing the evidence and reliable source, he gets round the liability. A Muslim wishing to live in accordance with Islamic principles has to find individual solutions for the daily problems should he have judicial competency. In the literature of Islamic jurisprudence, such a person is called independent/absolute interpreter. Those who haven’t reached at this level but been trained in a school, have adopted the methodology of the school’s head teacher and been very competent on the sources of the school are called dependent interpreter. On the other hand, those who are not able to make a decree by basing on the Qur’an and Sunnah or not competent in legal ruling is called imitator. These people have to act in accordance with jurisprudence of areligious law interpreter. For, he is not able to know and differentiate between subjects on worship, actions, and penal codes. In legal ruling, it is good to acknowledge a school’s points of view. For a consistent and regular legal system, it is significant to remain systematically integrated while looking for solutions for religious issues. Schools arose out of the need to ensure legal security, integrity and consistency. Therefore, an imitator who belongs to a school should know how to act while selecting one of existent judicial opinions within the school or issuing a legal ruling on his own. An imitating mufti must express a legal ruling in accordance with the opinion acknowledged as a basis in the school. The methods that a mufti should adopt while issuing a legal ruling are called legal ruling methodology. Schools have written a literature for this methodology in order to discipline the act of issuing a legal ruling. By doing so, they also regulated the relations within the school. Each school has a unique hierarchy of legal rulings. This is called codes of legal ruling. According to these codes, the one who issues a legal ruling makes a decree out of ecclesiastical rules should he have competence in the field of legal interpretation. If he is not competent, he needs to acknowledge the methodology of the school that he belongs to. For, each school has different methodologies and terms for issuing a legal ruling. Being one of these schools, Shāfiʿī has also established and developed a legal ruling methodology to offer solutions for the recent issues. In this study, the legal ruling methodology and hierarchical structure of Shāfiʿī school are examined. Different practices of the methodology that emerged in various periods are also expounded in the study. Some terms and concepts that have become popular as the school expands are analysed and how the legal ruling methodology of the school has been formed via these terms are revealed

TÜRKİYE'DE GSYH VE DÖVİZ KURU HAREKETLERİNİN CARİ DENGE ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: VAR ANALİZİ YAKLAŞIMI

1980’li yılların başında, gerekli altyapı ve yasal düzenlemeler yapılmadan hayata geçirilen ticari serbestleşmeye dönük ekonomi politikaları, o yıllardan itibaren artış sergileyen cari açık sorununu günümüze kadar beraberinde taşımıştır. Bu nedenle Türkiye ekonomisi ile ilgili olarak son dönemlerde en çok tartışılan konulardan biri ülkenin cari işlemler açığı rakamının büyümesidir. Bunun en önemli nedeni ise cari dengenin ekonominin en önemli bileşenlerinden biri olmasıdır. Bu kapsamda yapılan eş-bütünleşme analizi sonucunda seriler arasında eş-bütünleşme ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca daha sonra yapılan VAR Modeline dayalı nedensellik testi sonucunda ise döviz kuru ile cari işlemler dengesi arasında bir nedensellik ilişkisi bulunamazken, GSYH ile cari işlemler dengesi arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmuştur

Optimization study on surface roughness and tribological behavior of recycled cast iron reinforced bronze MMCs produced by hot pressing

Surface roughness reflects the quality of many operational parameters, namely service life, wear characteristics, working performance and tribological behavior of the produced part. Therefore, tribological performance is critical for the components used as tandem parts, especially for the MMCs (Metal Matrix Composites) which are a unique class of materials having extensive application areas such as aerospace, aeronautics, marine engineering and the defense industry. Current work covers the optimization study of production parameters for surface roughness and tribological indicators of newly produced cast iron reinforced bronze MMCs. In this context, two levels of temperature (400 and 450 °C), three levels of pressure (480, 640 and 820 MPa) and seven levels of reinforcement ratios (60/40, 70/30, 80/20, 90/10, 100/0 of GGG40/CuSn10, pure bronze-as received and pure cast iron-as received) are considered. According to the findings obtained by Taguchi’s signal-to-noise ratios, the reinforcement ratio has a dominant effect on surface roughness parameters (Ra and Rz), the coefficient of friction and the weight loss in different levels. In addition, 100/0 reinforced GGG40/CuSn10 gives minimum surface roughness, pure cast iron provides the best weight loss and pure bronze offers the desired coefficient of friction. The results showed the importance of material ingredients on mechanical properties by comparing a wide range of samples from starting the production phase, which provides a perspective for manufacturers to meet the market supply as per human requirements

Stereotactic biopsy of the brain mass lesions: a tertiary hospital experience

Objectives: Stereotactic biopsy (SB) is a guided technic performed for the lesions on eloquent brain areas. The aim of this study is revealing the diagnostic reliability and the risk ratio of SB. Methods: Data of patients performed SB due to various intracranial lesions was collected retrospectively. The study took place in Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine between February 2004 and April 2014. Data analysis performed in terms of age, gender, lesion location, histopathology, and outcomes of surgery. Results: Sixty percent of patients were male (146 patients) and forty percent of them was female (96 patients), between the ages of 11 and 84 years (mean age of 49 years) with a total number of 242. Mortality and morbidity rates were respectively 0.4% and 3.3%. The overall diagnostic yield was 81% (196 patients), while 19% (46 patients) had nonspecific results, which did cannot lead any further therapy. Among 36 patients of whom pathologies were confirmed with an excisional biopsy, the diagnostic accuracy was shown in 24 patients (67%). Conclusions: Beside low risk of mortality and morbidity, the high rate of non-diagnostic results and low rate of diagnostic accuracy are the limitations of SB, which should be improved by careful skills to obtain more specimen, sophisticated software for planning, and intraoperative pathological examination for guaranteeing

Preoperative MELD-Na Score Predicts 30-day Post-operative Complications After Colorectal Resection for Malignancy

Introduction:Predicting possible complications in colon surgery is important in terms of reducing postoperative mortality and morbidity rates. Various scoring methods have been used to predict these complications. The MELD score was developed to predict mortality following Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) placement in cirrhotic patients. This model was revised by adding Na data and used to predict complications in non-cirrhotic patients. We investigated the value of the MELD-Na score in predicting postoperative 30-day complications in patients undergoing colorectal resection for malignancy.Methods:Patients who underwent colorectal resection for malignant diseases were included in the study. Demographics and clinical outcomes were recorded. The MELD-Na scores of the patients were calculated within 48 h before the surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the status of development of any complication.Results:Age, gender, operative time, and length of stay was not statistically significant for developing complications. The MELD-Na score was significantly higher in patients with any complications. Also, MELD-NA score, stoma creation, and postoperative erythrocyte suspension replacement were found to be independent risk factors for developing complications in patients undergoing surgery for colon cancer.Conclusion:The MELD-Na score may predict the complications that may develop in the first 30 days postoperatively in patients undergoing colorectal resection for malignant diseases

Contribution of real-time elastography in diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome

PURPOSEWe aimed to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of real-time elastography (RTE) for displaying the effects of morphological changes in the ovary in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).METHODSForty-eight patients diagnosed with PCOS and 48 healthy women were enrolled in the study. Ultrasonography and RTE were performed on the 3rd day of the menstrual cycle. Evaluations were performed independently by two radiologists. Ovarian volume, number of follicles, elasticity pattern, and strain ratio were measured. Elasticity patterns were assessed as hard (type 1; blue or blue-green), moderate (type 2; green or green-yellow) or soft (type 3; red or orange-red).RESULTSBoth radiologists determined the elasticity pattern as mostly type 1 in the PCOS group and type 3 in the control group (P < 0.01). The mean strain ratios obtained by the first and second radiologist were 6.1±1.8 (2.7–10.1) and 6.0±1.5 (3.0–9.0) in PCOS and 3.3±1.2 (1.7–7.2) and 3.2±0.9 (1.7–6.8) in the control group, respectively (P < 0.001). Interobserver agreement was moderate for the elasticity pattern (κ=0.48) and good for the strain ratio (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.77). A strain ratio of 3.8 was determined as the optimized cutoff point by receiver operating curve analysis. Strain ratio was correlated with the ovarian volume and the number of detected follicles (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONElasticity pattern and strain ratio can help identify morphological changes that make PCOS ovaries stiffer than normal ovaries

Diagnosis of comorbid migraine without aura in patients with idiopathic/genetic epilepsy based on the gray zone approach to the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3 criteria

BackgroundMigraine without aura (MwoA) is a very frequent and remarkable comorbidity in patients with idiopathic/genetic epilepsy (I/GE). Frequently in clinical practice, diagnosis of MwoA may be challenging despite the guidance of current diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3 (ICHD-3). In this study, we aimed to disclose the diagnostic gaps in the diagnosis of comorbid MwoA, using a zone concept, in patients with I/GEs with headaches who were diagnosed by an experienced headache expert.MethodsIn this multicenter study including 809 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of I/GE with or without headache, 163 patients who were diagnosed by an experienced headache expert as having a comorbid MwoA were reevaluated. Eligible patients were divided into three subgroups, namely, full diagnosis, zone I, and zone II according to their status of fulfilling the ICHD-3 criteria. A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was performed to bring out the meaningful predictors when evaluating patients with I/GEs for MwoA comorbidity, using the variables that were significant in the univariate analysis.ResultsLonger headache duration (&lt;4 h) followed by throbbing pain, higher visual analog scale (VAS) scores, increase of pain by physical activity, nausea/vomiting, and photophobia and/or phonophobia are the main distinguishing clinical characteristics of comorbid MwoA in patients with I/GE, for being classified in the full diagnosis group. Despite being not a part of the main ICHD-3 criteria, the presence of associated symptoms mainly osmophobia and also vertigo/dizziness had the distinguishing capability of being classified into zone subgroups. The most common epilepsy syndromes fulfilling full diagnosis criteria (n = 62) in the CART analysis were 48.39% Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy followed by 25.81% epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone.ConclusionLonger headache duration, throbbing pain, increase of pain by physical activity, photophobia and/or phonophobia, presence of vertigo/dizziness, osmophobia, and higher VAS scores are the main supportive associated factors when applying the ICHD-3 criteria for the comorbid MwoA diagnosis in patients with I/GEs. Evaluating these characteristics could be helpful to close the diagnostic gaps in everyday clinical practice and fasten the diagnostic process of comorbid MwoA in patients with I/GEs

Performance Comparison of Static Malware Analysis Tools Versus Antivirus Scanners To Detect Malware

Any software which executes malicious payloads on victim machines is considered as a malware such as the following: Viruses, worms, Trojan horses, rootkits, backdoor and ransomware. In recent years, the number and the severity of these malicious software have been increasing rapidly. The harm that malware inflicts on the world economy and private companies’ assets is increasing every day. Thus, there is an urgent need to detect and prevent malware before damaging to the important assets in world wide. There are lots of different methods and tools to combat against malware. In this paper, static malware analysis tools such as (Peid, PEview, Bintext, MD5deep, Dependency walker, and IDA Pro) and antivirus scanner tools such as (Norton, McAfee, Kaspersky, Avast, Avira, Bitdefender, and ClamAV) have been examined. In a test case, 200 malware and benign were collected from different sources and analyzed under different version of Window machines. Test results show that for existing malware, antivirus software detect malware fast and efficient when compared to static analysis tools. However, for unknown malware static analysis tools performed reasonably better than antivirus software