Le renouveau des contes du Lagle Naaba à la Télévision Nationale du Burkina

Grâce à l'action du Lagle naab a Abga, les soirées de contes au village ont pu trouver une nouvelle jeunesse sur les ondes de la radiodiffusion nationale du Burkina depuis les années 60. Son petit-fils, le Lagle naab a Tigre, en collaboration avec Henriette Ilboudo (animatrice en langue moore à la Télévision nationale du Burkina) a initié les soirées de contes sur le petit écran. L'introduction du conte à la télévision s'inscrit dans la volonté politique de valorisation du patrimoine culturel national et d'intégration régionale. La forte diaspora burkinabè et mooréphone qui continue à garder des attaches avec le Burkina est à l'écoute des produits culturels nationaux. Mais le fait d'utiliser un médium comme la télévision pour diffuser le conte impose la violation de certains tabous (temps de la narration, durée de la performance et espace de la télévision). Contrairement aux soirées de contes au village, les émissions qui sont enregistrées le jour et diffusées la nuit ont une plus grande capacité d'entrer dans les foyers qui possèdent un téléviseur, aussi bien au Burkina que partout dans le monde, grâce aux satellites. Les participants à la soirée de contes arborent généralement des vêtements du terroir et veillent à utiliser avec une certaine maîtrise la langue moore en évitant les emprunts lexicaux du français et la présence d'objets de la modernité. Les soirées de contes sont une école où l'on fait l'apologie des valeurs morales tout en fustigeant les comportements déviants afin de construire une société de paix et de justice.Keywords:conte, tradition, langue, média et culture. Tydskriff vir Letterkunde Vol. 44 (1) 2007: pp. 294-30

Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria provides substantial protection against malaria in children already protected by an insecticide-treated bednet in Burkina Faso: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in children (IPTc) is a promising new approach to the control of malaria in areas of seasonal malaria transmission but it is not known if IPTc adds to the protection provided by an insecticide-treated net (ITN). METHODS AND FINDINGS: An individually randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of seasonal IPTc was conducted in Burkina Faso in children aged 3 to 59 months who were provided with a long-lasting insecticide-treated bednet (LLIN). Three rounds of treatment with sulphadoxine pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine or placebos were given at monthly intervals during the malaria transmission season. Passive surveillance for malaria episodes was established, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at the end of the malaria transmission season, and use of ITNs was monitored during the intervention period. Incidence rates of malaria were compared using a Cox regression model and generalized linear models were fitted to examine the effect of IPTc on the prevalence of malaria infection, anaemia, and on anthropometric indicators. 3,052 children were screened and 3,014 were enrolled in the trial; 1,505 in the control arm and 1,509 in the intervention arm. Similar proportions of children in the two treatment arms were reported to sleep under an LLIN during the intervention period (93%). The incidence of malaria, defined as fever or history of fever with parasitaemia ≥ 5,000/µl, was 2.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.70-3.06) per child during the intervention period in the control arm versus 0.87 (95% CI 0.78-0.97) in the intervention arm, a protective efficacy (PE) of 70% (95% CI 66%-74%) (p<0.001). There was a 69% (95% CI 6%-90%) reduction in incidence of severe malaria (p = 0.04) and a 46% (95% CI 7%-69%) (p = 0.03) reduction in the incidence of all-cause hospital admissions. IPTc reduced the prevalence of malaria infection at the end of the malaria transmission season by 73% (95% CI 68%-77%) (p<0.001) and that of moderately severe anaemia by 56% (95% CI 36%-70%) (p<0.001). IPTc reduced the risks of wasting (risk ratio [RR] = 0.79; 95% CI 0.65-1.00) (p = 0.05) and of being underweight (RR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.72-0.99) (p = 0.03). Children who received IPTc were 2.8 (95% CI 2.3-3.5) (p<0.001) times more likely to vomit than children who received placebo but no drug-related serious adverse event was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: IPT of malaria provides substantial protection against malaria in children who sleep under an ITN. There is now strong evidence to support the integration of IPTc into malaria control strategies in areas of seasonal malaria transmission. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.govNCT00738946. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

Modélisation de l’atténuation au sol de la concentration des émissions d’une centrale thermique diesel

A ground level diesel power plant pollutants mitigation modelA three steps environmental mitigation model is investigated as a way of controlling the emission rates of a 44 MW diesel electric power plant located in downtown Ouagadougou. First of all, an environmental audit finds it necessary to rehabilitate the plant in order to improve its performances. To be effective however, the upper limit of the plant fuel consumption should not exceed 229 g/kWh. Finally, dispersion diagrams are obtained from a simplified dispersion-advection submodel, capable of predicting the plant stack high for which, the ground level pollutant concentrations must compley with the ambient air quality standards. Thus, the results of this model may be utilized to control and regulate air pollution

Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements, regardless of their zinc content, increase growth and reduce the prevalence of stunting and wasting in young Burkinabe children : a cluster-randomized trial

Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) are promising home fortification products, but the optimal zinc level needed to improve growth and reduce morbidity is uncertain. We aimed to assess the impact of providing SQ-LNS with varied amounts of zinc, along with illness treatment, on zinc-related outcomes compared with standard care. In a placebo-controlled, cluster-randomized trial, 34 communities were stratified to intervention (IC) or nonintervention cohorts (NIC). 2435 eligible IC children were randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) SQ-LNS without zinc, placebo tablet; 2) SQ-LNS containing 5mg zinc, placebo tablet; 3) SQ-LNS containing 10mg zinc, placebo tablet; or 4) SQ-LNS without zinc and 5mg zinc tablet from 9-18 months of age. During weekly morbidity surveillance, oral rehydration salts were provided for reported diarrhea and antimalarial therapy for confirmed malaria. Children in NIC (n = 785) did not receive SQ-LNS, tablets, illness surveillance or treatment. At 9 and 18 months, length, weight and hemoglobin were measured in all children. Reported adherence was 97 +/- 6% for SQ-LNS and tablets. Mean baseline hemoglobin was 89 +/- 15g/L. At 18 months, change in hemoglobin was greater in IC than NIC (+8 vs -1g/L, p<0.0001), but 79.1% of IC were still anemic (vs. 91.1% in NIC). Final plasma zinc concentration did not differ by group. During the 9-month observation period, the incidence of diarrhea was 1.10 +/- 1.03 and of malaria 0.54 +/- 0.50 episodes per 100 child-days, and did not differ by group. Length at 18 months was significantly greater in IC compared to NIC (77.7 +/- 3.0 vs. 76.9 +/- 3.4cm; p<0.001) and stunting prevalence was significantly lower in IC (29.3%) than NIC (39.3%; p<0.0001), but did not differ by intervention group within IC. Wasting prevalence was also significantly lower in IC (8.7%) than in NIC (13.5%; p = 0.0003). Providing SQ-LNS daily with or without zinc, along with malaria and diarrhea treatment, significantly increased growth and reduced stunting, wasting and anemia prevalence in young children

Assessing the Usefulness of \u3cem\u3eSenna obtusifolia\u3c/em\u3e, an Invasive Plant Species in West Africa Rangelands

Senna obtusifolia is a less appreciated plant species. Its invasion has led to the disappearance of several herbaceous species of interest in West Africa rangelands. As adaptation strategy, people use it to substitute for those that have disappeared. This study aimed to assess the importance of this species for animal and local ethnic groups according to two contrast climate zones in Burkina Faso. Ethnobotanic survey mixed with direct observations on the field were conducted. Three hundred (300) people from height (8) ethnic groups were interviewed. The survey technique was semi-structured interviews using a previously tested semi-structured questionnaire. At the early stage of the rainy season, Senna obtusifolia is one of the plants available in abundance. Animals graze on the leaves of the seedlings. During the dry season, animals graze on the dry pods of Senna obtusifolia due to lack of fodder. Grazing dry pods also reduces the high rate of tree pruning. In addition, local population uses Senna obtusifolia in eight (8) categories. The most important are food (100%) and construction (46%). Sahelian people use the species more than Sudanian people. This study revealed the benefit of Senna obtusifolia to animals and people. The use of this species could be seen as an adaptive strategy to the negative ecological invasion of the species. Furthermore, these results could guide the formulation of management policies and how to further value invasive species

Influence de l'état d'ameublissement et de la rugosité du sol des parcelles agricoles sur l'exactitude de l'altitude des points de contrôle positionnés au GPS

Agricultural soil tilth and roughness impact on the exactness of ground control points elevation surveyed by GPS. Our goal in this study is to estimate through ranges of variation, the impact of agricultural parcels soil's tilth and roughness, due to cultivation techniques, on the exactness of ground control points elevation surveyed by RTK (Real Time Kinematic) GPS (Global Positioning System). So, 16 point's elevations which were located each 100 mm on a transect have been surveyed first by using a Total Station (TS), and then a RTK GPS in 2 parcels (3 transects per parcel). Cultivation techniques on those parcels were different. The parcel 1 was tilled, and the soil of parcel 2 was prepared for cereal cropping. Then, the analysis of variance has been applied on the differences of TS and RTK GPS elevations data to estimate the confidence interval of ground control points elevation due to soil tilth, whereas the times series statistical method has been applied on elevation data to estimate the confidence interval due to soil roughness. The confidence intervals of points elevation are estimated being [51 mm; 57 mm], [-4 mm; 4 mm] for parcel 1, and [97 mm; 113 mm], [-35 mm; 23 mm], for parcel 2. Results show that ground control point's elevations exactness is influenced by soil tilth and soil roughness. In conclusion, we can admit that soil tilth and soil roughness have significant impact on the exactness of ground control points located on agricultural parcels. This impact must be considered in Digital Elevation Model (DEM) errors evaluation of agricultural watershed

Differing growth responses to nutritional supplements in neighboring health districts of Burkina Faso are likely due to benefits of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS)

Background : Of two community-based trials among young children in neighboring health districts of Burkina Faso, one found that small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) increased child growth compared with a non-intervention control group, but zinc supplementation did not in the second study. Objectives : We explored whether the disparate growth outcomes were associated with differences in intervention components, household demographic variables, and/or children's morbidity. Methods : Children in the LNS study received 20g LNS daily containing different amounts of zinc (LNS). Children in the zinc supplementation study received different zinc supplementation regimens (Z-Suppl). Children in both studies were visited weekly for morbidity surveillance. Free malaria and diarrhea treatment was provided by the field worker in the LNS study, and by a village-based community-health worker in the zinc study. Anthropometric assessments were repeated every 13-16 weeks. For the present analyses, study intervals of the two studies were matched by child age and month of enrollment. The changes in length-for-age z-score (LAZ) per interval were compared between LNS and Z-Suppl groups using mixed model ANOVA or ANCOVA. Covariates were added to the model in blocks, and adjusted differences between group means were estimated. Results : Mean ages at enrollment of LNS (n = 1716) and Z-Suppl (n = 1720) were 9.4 +/- 0.4 and 10.1 +/- 2.7 months, respectively. The age-adjusted change in mean LAZ per interval declined less with LNS (-0.07 +/- 0.44) versus Z-Suppl (-0.21 +/- 0.43; p<0.0001). There was a significant group by interval interaction with the greatest difference found in 9-12 month old children (p<0.0001). Adjusting for demographic characteristics and morbidity did not reduce the observed differences by type of intervention, even though the morbidity burden was greater in the LNS group. Conclusions : Greater average physical growth in children who received LNS could not be explained by known cross-trial differences in baseline characteristics or morbidity burden, implying that the observed difference in growth response was partly due to LNS

Evaluation de la protection personnelle contre les Anophelinae par utilisation de moustiquaires détériorées imprégnées de répulsifs

L&#8217;efficacit&#233; de moustiquaires d&#233;t&#233;rior&#233;es impr&#233;gn&#233;es avec des r&#233;pulsifs (DEET et KBR 3023) ou avec la perm&#233;thrine a &#233;t&#233; &#233;valu&#233;e dans la protection contre Anopheles gambiae s.l. L&#8217;&#233;tude a &#233;t&#233; conduite dans le village de Goden pr&#232;s de Ouagadougou. Les moustiquaires ont &#233;t&#233; install&#233;es dans des cases s&#233;lectionn&#233;es dans le village et les moustiques ont &#233;t&#233; &#233;chantillonn&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;aide de pi&#232;ges lumineux CDC, de captures manuelles et de pi&#232;ges &#224; sortie. Les r&#233;sultats montrent que le nombre de moustiques captur&#233; ainsi que leur &#233;tat physiologique varie selon le traitement et le degr&#233; de d&#233;t&#233;rioration de la moustiquaire. La r&#233;duction de l&#8217;agressivit&#233; exprim&#233;e par les moustiques gorg&#233;s est plus importante avec le DEET et le KBR 3023 qu&#8217;avec la perm&#233;thrine (57%, 76% et 43% respectivement). Ce r&#233;sultat est observ&#233; pour une surface de d&#233;t&#233;rioration &#233;gale &#224; 0,1% et une tendance similaire est observ&#233;e &#224; 1% de surface de d&#233;t&#233;rioration. L&#8217;efficacit&#233; des moustiquaires varie en fonction de la case, de la surface de d&#233;t&#233;rioration et du temps apr&#232;s impr&#233;gnation de la moustiquaire. Le KBR 3023 procure la meilleure protection par rapport aux autres traitements et m&#234;me par rapport &#224; la moustiquaire intacte lorsque la surface de d&#233;t&#233;rioration est faible (0,1%). L&#8217;utilisation des r&#233;pulsifs en impr&#233;gnation pourrait accro&#238;tre l&#8217;efficacit&#233; des moustiquaires usag&#233;es.Mots cl&#233;s: DEET, KBR 3023, Perm&#233;thrine, fraction agressive, r&#233;manence, moustiquaires endommag&#233;es&#160;&#160

Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile (Balanitaceae) roots bark

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del (Balanitaceae) is traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments such as syphilis, jaundice and liver disorders, epilepsy, ... This study was designed to evaluate acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Balanites aegyptiaca on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed with the extract at a dose of 2000 mg / kg bw. The extract at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg / kg b.w. was orally administered respectively to CC14-induced hepatotoxicity (0.5 ml / kg) animals. Silymarin (100 mg / kg) was given as a reference. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, PT, ALB and ALP were assayed as well as enzymatic antioxidant activities SOD, CAT and MDA. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) involved in inflammation was also measured.Results: Activities of liver marker enzymes, ALT, AST and ALP, total protein, albumin and showed a significant hepatoprotective effect. Regarding antioxidant enzymatic activities in vivo (SOD, CAT and MDA) of aqueous extract exhibited a significant effect showing increasing levels of SOD, CAT and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The production of NO is significantly reduced compared to the batch intoxicated by CCl4.Conclusion: Balanites aegyptiaca is endowed with hepatoprotective properties that can be attributed to antioxidant potential which could justify its use in traditional medicine in liver disorders

Knowledge, practices and beliefs of students regarding health effects of shisha use in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: A cross‐sectional study

Background. The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. Shisha use has recently been gaining increased popularity in many developed and developing countries. Objective. To determine the prevalence of shisha use among students in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and associated knowledge, smoking practices and beliefs about health effects. Method. A total of 443 students were selected for this cross-sectional study, using a stratified sampling method. Data on shisha use, knowledge about shisha, shisha smoking practices, and factors associated with use of shisha were collected via a questionnaire. The association between the independent variables and shisha use was assessed using a χ2 test (p<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine variables that were independently associated with shisha smoking. Results. Of the 421 respondents, 162 (38.5%) indicated that they had smoked shisha; 14.0% were regular smokers. We found that 183 students (43.5%) had poor knowledge about the health effects of shisha. The main reasons for shisha smoking were being in the company of friends who were users (57.4%), the pleasant flavour and fragrance of shisha (25.9%), and fashion (22.2%). Ninety-nine shisha smokers (61.1%) also consumed alcohol. Factors associated with shisha smoking included age <20 years (p<0.001), gender (p=0.034), and educational level of the respondent’s father (p=0.0001) and mother (p=0.0004). Conclusion. We found a relatively high prevalence of shisha smoking among the students, and that 43.5% of them had poor knowledge about its effects on health. Developing surveillance, intervention and regulatory/policy frameworks specific to shisha has become a public health priority