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    Non-isothermal crystallization behavior of polyketone/polyamide 6 blends

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 2. ์กฐ์žฌ์˜.๊ทน์„ฑ ์ผ€ํ†ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์Šฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” PK๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์šฉ๋งค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ดํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋งํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋™์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ ๋“ฑ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”์— ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ PK์— PA6์˜ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ modified Avrami ์‹์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด POM์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ DMA์™€ FTIR๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง€์–ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฒดํ™”๋œ PA6๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ•ต์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ PK์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ผ์ •ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ PK์˜ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์— ์ œํ•œ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ด ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐํ•ต์ œ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ PA6 ์˜ ํ•ต์ด ์ ์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.์š” ์•ฝ โ…ฐ LIST OF TABLE โ…ฑ LIST OF FIGURES โ…ฒ ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURES โ…ด ์ฐจ ๋ก€ โ…ต ์ œ1์žฅ. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2. ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๋™๋ ฅํ•™ 1 1.2.1. ๋“ฑ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” 1 1.2.2. ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” 5 1.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  6 ์ œ2์žฅ. ์‹คํ—˜ 8 2.1. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 8 2.2. PK/PA6 blends ์ œ์กฐ 10 2.3. ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๋™๋ ฅํ•™ 10 2.3.1. DSC 10 2.3.2. POM 16 2.4. ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ 16 2.4.1. DMA 16 2.4.2. FTIR 17 2.5. ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ 17 2.5.1. WAXD 17 ์ œ3์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 18 3.1. ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋™ 18 3.1.1. ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๋™๋ ฅํ•™ 18 3.1.2. ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์žฅ ๋™๋ ฅํ•™ 32 3.1.3. ๊ตฌ์ •์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ 35 3.2. ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋น„๋“ฑ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 37 3.2.1. DMA 37 3.2.2. FTIR 40 3.3. ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ 43 3.3.1. WAXD 43 ์ œ4์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  46 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 49 ABSTRACT 52Maste

    E. Husserl ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ

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    ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜์‹ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์˜์‹์€ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ "๋ฌด์—‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์‹"์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ํ†ต์ฐฐ์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ Husserl์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ €์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ๊ณ ์†์— ์‰ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค

    The Logic of Thinking of the Constitution of Society from the Perspective of Materialist Theory - Contributions and Limits of a Sociobiological Approach to the Genesis of the Social

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    A theory of the constitution of society that explains its formation of society answers the question, How is social order possible? In this paper, I propose a theory of the constitution of society that is both a materialist and genetic one. While materialism attempts to explain that society is constituted from nature and not from the mind, a genetic theory states that only when the process of societys genesis is logically reconstructed from its beginning, can what presently exists be genuinely explained. The materialist theory of the constitution of society provides a theoretical basis for radically transforming the traditional understanding of human beings and the world. Examining sociobiological approaches are important for our discussion since they relate to what the materialist theory of the constitution of society essentially requires. Yet, many in the field of sociobiology lack clear awareness of this particular relation. We should not overlook, however, several difficulties that the sociobiological approach presents. The fundamental problem that underlies these difficulties is what I refer to as the logic of thinking. The constitution of society should be explained in terms of the logic of difference based on structural and developmental logic - not in terms of the traditional logic of identity. The transformation from the mind-priority-scheme into the nature-priority-scheme entails the transformation of the logic of thinking as such. Moreover, when sociobiology claims totality in that it should and can explain all the areas of the social, it faces the potential critique of biological reductionism. Hence by doing this, sociobiology falls in danger of annulling its contributions to the theory of the constitution of society as well as its legitimate claim that the explanation of the social should begin from the biological basis. Unlike the expectations of sociobiologists, the social cannot solely be constituted from a biological basis. Rather, it should be explained in a comprehensive framework; namely, a materialist theory of the constitution of society which involves not only the uniqueness of the socio-cultural evolution but the relationship between the biological and the socio-cultural. Only when what sociobiology claims is limited in this way, can its contributions to a grasp of the social be properly appreciated

    Toluene๊ณผ xylene์ด ํฐ์ฅ์˜ benzene ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์‚ฐ์—…์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ณต์—…์šฉ ์œ ๊ธฐ์šฉ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์ธ benzene, toluene, xylene ๋“ฑ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ทธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…์žฅ์˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋†๋„์˜ toluene๊ณผ xylene์ด benzene ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋†๋„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” benzene 13.8 mg/kg, toluene 108.8mg/kg, xylene 112.5mg/kg์„ Sprague-Dawley๊ณ„ ํฐ์ฅ์˜ ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋‚ด์— ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ์š”์ค‘์— ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋˜๋Š” phenol์„ gas chromatography๋กœ ์ •๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ์„ค ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ฒ€์ •๋ฒ•์ธ Kruskal-Wallis multi-sample test์™€ Mann-Whitney U test๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์‚ฐ์—…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋†๋„์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” benzene์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ค‘ phenol์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 2. Benzene ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์š”์ค‘ phenol์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋†๋„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. Toluene์€ benzene ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์š”์ค‘ phenol ๋ฐฐ์„ค์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 4. Xylene๋„ benzene ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์š”์ค‘ phenol ๋ฐฐ์„ค์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 5. Toluene๊ณผ xylene์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” toluene ๋‹จ๋… ๋˜๋Š” xylene ๋‹จ๋…ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค benzene ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์š”์ค‘ phenol ๋ฐฐ์„ค์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฐ์—…์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋†๋„์˜ benzene์ด ์š”์ค‘phenol ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋†๋„์˜ toluene๊ณผ xylene์€ benzene ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, toluene๊ณผ xylene์€ benzene ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์–ต์ œ์— ์ƒ๊ฐ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Benzene, toluene, and xylene, which are widely used aromatic hydrocarbons in workplace, are recently proved to cause health hazards due to their combined toxic effects. This study investigated the influence of toluene and xylene on the metabolism of benzene by administering short-term exposure limit (STEL) level of these compounds (i.e., 13.8 mg/kg of benzene,108.8 mg/kg of toluene, and 112.5 mg/kg of xylene) intraperitoneally into Sprague-Dawley rats. After administration, urinary phenol concentration of rat was measured by gas chromatography for every three hours. Data were analyzed by non-parametric statistical methods using Kruskal-Wallis multi-sample test and Mann-Whitney U test. The following results were obtained: 1. Administration of STEL level of benzene increased urinary phenol concentration in rats. 2. Urinary phenol concentration was increased logarithmically according to the dosage of benzene. 3. Excretion of phenol in urine was decreased when benzene and toluene were administered simultaneously compared with administering benzene alone. 4. Excretion of phenol in urine was also decreased when benzene and xylene were administered simultaneously compared with administering benzene alone. 5. Excretion of phenol in urine was further decreased when all three compounds were administered simultaneously compared with the above combinations of compounds including benzene. In summary, these results reveal that administration of STEL level of toluene and xylene have additive effect of suppressing benzene metabolism in rats.restrictio

    ์ฒ ํ•™์‚ฌ์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์ œ 35์ฐจ ์ฝœ๋กœํ‚ค์›€ ์š”์ง€ : ๊ทผ๋Œ€์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฆ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์ด์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ - ์œ„๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋งˆ์Šค์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ–‰์œ„ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† 

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    ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋งˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์  ๋น„ํŒ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผํ™”๋ก ์ด ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€์€ ๊ฒฌ์ง€๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ–‰์œ„ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ํ‹€๋กœ ์žฌ์ •์‹ํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋น„ํŒ์ด๋ก ์˜ ํ˜„์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž ์ •ํ˜ธ๊ทผ์€ 1) ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผํ™”์ด๋ก ์ด ์˜๊ฑฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ–‰์œ„ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผํ™”์ด๋ก , ์ฆ‰ ๋น„ํŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ , 2) ๋น„ํŒ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ์„œ ์ „์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , 3 ) ๋น„ํŒ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ์ƒ‰์ด๋ž€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค

    Sickness absence of workers in a steel and iron industry

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    /์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ œ์ฒ  ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ์œจ, ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ์›์ธ ๋“ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ International Association on Occupational Health์˜ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ž ๋‹ค. 1,822๋ช…์˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์™€ ๋ฉด์ ‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 1978๋…„ 7์›” 24์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์ผ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  1978๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ์–‘์ƒ์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 34.4์„ธ, ๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 6.5๋…„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  54.1%๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง์˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋Š” ์ผ๋‹น์ œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋Š” ์ „์ผ์ œ๋กœ์จ 1์ผ 8์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ 3๋ถ€ ๊ต๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ 16.8%๋Š” 7์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ ํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์€ 3.24, ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œจ์€ 4.65, ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ ์ธ์ˆ˜์œจ์€ 245.20, ๋…ธ๋™ ์†์‹ค์œจ์€ 1.27์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ์œจ์€ ๋‚จ์ž ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž, 20โˆผ39์„ธ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ตฐ, ๊ทผ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 15๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๊ตฐ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Œ์ฃผ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05). ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ์ž์˜ 41.0%์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ์กฐ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ์œ ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ ํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์€ 1.34, ์œ ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œจ์€ 2.29, ์œ ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ ์ธ์ˆ˜์œจ์€ 101.06, ์œ ๋ณ‘ ๋…ธ๋™ ์†์‹ค์€ 0.63์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ์œจ์€ ๋‚จ์ž ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๊ตฐ, 25โˆผ34์„ธ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ตฐ, ๊ทผ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 15๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๊ตฐ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Œ์ฃผ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05). ์œ ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ”ผ๊ณค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „์‹  ์ฆ์ƒ์ด 50.8%, ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด 13.8%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผํšŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์Œ์ฃผ ํšŒ์ˆ˜, ํก์—ฐ๋Ÿ‰, ๋…ธ๋™ ๊ฐ•๋„, ์Œ์ฃผ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์œ„์˜ 4๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ multiple R์€ 0.320, ์„ค๋ช… ์ •๋„๋Š” 10.3%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” 20โˆผ34์„ธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž ์ค‘ ์Œ์ฃผ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ทผ์œจ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ๊ณค์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ „์‹  ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์ฃผ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. Sickness Absence of Workers in a Steel and Iron Industry Ho Keun Chung Graduate School of Health Science and Management, Yonsei University (Directed by Assoc. Prof. Young Hahn Moon, M.D., D.M.Sc.) In a situation of growing the industry, there is a great shortage of labour power in Korea. The researcher intended to investigate the rate of absenteeism and other related statistics among the workers in a steel and iron industry with the criteria and the recommendation of the International Association on Occupational Health. With the well designed questionaire and interview, 1,882 workers were surveyed from July the 24th to the 28th, 1978. The mean age of the workers was 34.5 in years, the average duration of employment was 6.5 years, and 54.1% of total samples worked at the production part of the industry, their wages were paid daily and worked in three shifts. The results were as follows; The workers who experienced absence were 16.8%. The rate of frequency (spells) was 3.24, the duration was 4.65, the frequency (persons) was 345.20, and the lost time was 1.27. The rates of absenteeism showed higher among the group of 20-39 years of age, of duration of employment less than 15 years, of workers in production part and of frequent drinkers (3-4 times a week or more) with the statistical significance (p<0.05). 41.0% among the absentee experienced sickness absences, and the rates of sickness absence were as follow; the frequency (spells) was 1.34, the duration was 2.29, the frequency(persons) was 101.06 and the lost time was 0.63, respectively. The above rates showed higher among the group of age 25-34, of the duration of employment less than 15 years, of workers in the production part and of frequent drinkers, with the statistical significance(p<0.05). The main causes of sickness absence were general symptoms, such as fatigue (50.8%) and gastro-intestinal symptoms (13.8%). The frequency of sickness was highly correlated to the frequncy of drinking, the amount of smoking, the physical work-load and the amount of drinking, which was analysed by the stepwize multiple regression analysis. the multiple R due to the above mentioned four variables was 0.320 and the R square was 10.3%. In conclusion, the rate of sickness absence was higher in the group of workers in the production part aged 20-34, of frequent drinkers, and the main cause of sickness absence was general symptoms. On the above points of view, more detailed studies in the field of management and services should be done in future for the progress of occupational health in Korea. [์˜๋ฌธ] In a situation of growing the industry, there is a great shortage of labour power in Korea. The researcher intended to investigate the rate of absenteeism and other related statistics among the workers in a steel and iron industry with the criteria and the recommendation of the International Association on Occupational Health. With the well designed questionaire and interview, 1,882 workers were surveyed from July the 24th to the 28th, 1978. The mean age of the workers was 34.5 in years, the average duration of employment was 6.5 years, and 54.1% of total samples worked at the production part of the industry, their wages were paid daily and worked in three shifts. The results were as follows; The workers who experienced absence were 16.8%. The rate of frequency (spells) was 3.24, the duration was 4.65, the frequency (persons) was 345.20, and the lost time was 1.27. The rates of absenteeism showed higher among the group of 20-39 years of age, of duration of employment less than 15 years, of workers in production part and of frequent drinkers (3-4 times a week or more) with the statistical significance (p<0.05). 41.0% among the absentee experienced sickness absences, and the rates of sickness absence were as follow; the frequency (spells) was 1.34, the duration was 2.29, the frequency(persons) was 101.06 and the lost time was 0.63, respectively. The above rates showed higher among the group of age 25-34, of the duration of employment less than 15 years, of workers in the production part and of frequent drinkers, with the statistical significance(p<0.05). The main causes of sickness absence were general symptoms, such as fatigue (50.8%) and gastro-intestinal symptoms (13.8%). The frequency of sickness was highly correlated to the frequncy of drinking, the amount of smoking, the physical work-load and the amount of drinking, which was analysed by the stepwize multiple regression analysis. the multiple R due to the above mentioned four variables was 0.320 and the R square was 10.3%. In conclusion, the rate of sickness absence was higher in the group of workers in the production part aged 20-34, of frequent drinkers, and the main cause of sickness absence was general symptoms. On the above points of view, more detailed studies in the field of management and services should be done in future for the progress of occupational health in Korea.restrictio

    The World als Problem - Between Meaning and Nonmeaning

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    ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ์ด ํ…Œ์ œ์˜ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ›„์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ, ์ฆ‰ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณผ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ „์ž๋Š” ์กฐ์งํ™” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์ž๋กœ์„œ, ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ฒด๊ณ„(System)์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„(Umwelt) ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ํ…Œ์ œ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒดํ—˜๊ณผ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ท€๊ฒฐ์€ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ์ด๋ž€, ์„ ํƒํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฆ‰ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ์‚ถ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ์นœ์ˆ™์„ฑ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ๋„์˜ ์นœ์ˆ™์„ฑ์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์ง‘๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋ฐœ์ง ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด "์˜๋ฏธ"์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹์€ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜์‹์€ "๋ฌด์—‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์‹"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•จ์ถ•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜์‹์€ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ๊ณ„์—ด์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์ „์  ์˜์‹์€ (์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ดํฌํ•œ) ์ž ์žฌ์  ์˜์‹์˜ ์ง€ํ‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‹์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์˜์‹๋œ ๊ฒƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜์‹์ž‘์šฉ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž ์ •์ ์ธ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‹์ฒ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ๋„, ์˜๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ €์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค
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