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    ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ปฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์€๋‚˜๋…ธ ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ), 2020. 8. ์œ ์›…์—ด.This study aimed to fabricate silver nanofibers using new process parameters of electrospinning and develop transparent and stretchable electrodes for stretchable electronics using them. A series of research was carried out to achieve goals as follows. A multi-physics model for the simulation of gas-assisted melt-electrospinning (GAME) process was developed to understand the roles of process parameters. By numerically calculating the stresses acting on the jet during a single-nozzle GAME process, the shear viscous stress was identified as the main factor of jet stretch. The jet stretch ratio increased sharply when shear viscous stress reached the level at which jet sharpening occurred, leading to stable jet formation. This stress was defined as the critical shear viscous stress to determine stable spinnability. In addition, a multi-nozzle GAME was simulated, proposing a spinnability diagram for stable spinning. A new process was designed to fabricate helical fibers. Here, the effect of solidification behavior of the jet on the formation of intrinsic curvature and on the final morphology of electrospun fibers was investigated. Fiber morphology during electrospinning was observed to dramatically change from straight to helical due to rapid solidification of the jet. Investigation of the resulting jet morphologies revealed that fiber structure changed from straight to helical as the vapor pressure increased. A similar effect was observed with conductive solutions prepared by adding large amounts of metal ion to the polymer solution. Simulations revealed that the jet near the nozzle tip was subject to a strong electrical field due to increased charge density. The thickness of the emerging fiber was rapidly reduced with fast and simultaneous solidification, resulting in helical nanofibers. A mechanism was suggested that can describe the formation of helical fibers. Transparent and stretchable electrodes (TSEs) was fabricated using electrospun silver nanofibers. Here, a composite comprising shape memory polymerโ€“TSE (SMPโ€“TSE) using crosslinked polycyclooctene as a substrate was fabricated, which showed wrinkle-free deformation and switchable optical transparency. Because of its considerable elongation without residual strain and the shape memory behavior of polycyclooctene, in-plane buckled nanofibers were formed effectively. Due to these in-plane buckled nanofibers, the electrode maintained its resistance during 3,000 cycles of a bending test and 900 cycles of a tensile test. Furthermore, SMPโ€“TSE was able to electrically control its temperature, optical transparency, elastic modulus, and shape memory behavior. Finally, SMPโ€“TSE was demonstrated for a smart electrode that could control its optical and mechanical properties. Keywords: Electrospinning, Numerical simulation, Process parameters, Silver nanofibers, Transparent and stretchable electrode Student number: 2014-22539๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต์ • ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์€๋‚˜๋…ธ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ๋ช…ยท์‹ ์ถ• ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Gas-assisted ์šฉ์œต ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ multi-physics ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์ • ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ๋…ธ์ฆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์ ฏ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ ฏ์˜ ์ธ์žฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ ์„ฑ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ฃผ์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ ฏ์€ ์ ์„ฑ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ํŠน์ • ๊ฐ’์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์— ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ฏ์˜ ์ธ์žฅ๋ฅ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„ ์ ์„ฑ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ ์ •์˜ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ๋…ธ์ฆ ๊ณต์ •๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ๋…ธ์ฆ ๊ณต์ •์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ปฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ์ ฏ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณก๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ ฏ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋œ ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณ ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์„ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ปฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธˆ์† ์ด์˜จ์ด ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋œ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ์šฉ์•ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ฏ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ธ์žฅ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ปฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ปฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์€๋‚˜๋…ธ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ๋ช…ยท์‹ ์ถ• ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ทน์€ ํ˜•์ƒ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์ธ crosslinked polycyclooctene์„ ๊ธฐํŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ „๊ทน์€ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์—†๊ณ  ํˆฌ๋ช…๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํฐ ์ธ์žฅ์—๋„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜•์ƒ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฉด๋‚ด ๊ตฝํž˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์€๋‚˜๋…ธ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ „๊ทน์€ 3,000ํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฝํž˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ 900ํšŒ์˜ ์ธ์žฅํ‰๊ฐ€์—๋„ ์ „๋„์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ „๊ทน์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ž๊ทน์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜จ๋„, ํˆฌ๋ช…๋„, ๊ฐ•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ˜•์ƒ๊ธฐ์–ต ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ „๊ทน์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์ „๊ทน์„ ์‹œ์—ฐ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‹ฌ์–ด: ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๊ณต์ •, ์ „์‚ฐ๋ชจ์‚ฌ, ๊ณต์ •๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์€๋‚˜๋…ธ์„ฌ์œ , ํˆฌ๋ช…ยท์‹ ์ถ• ์ „๊ทน ํ•™๋ฒˆ: 2014-22539Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Electrospinning 1 1.1.1. Introduction of electrospinning 1 1.1.2. Types of electrospinning 3 1.1.3. Parameters in electrospinning 6 1.1.4. Structures of electrospun nanofibers 16 1.1.5. Application of electrospun nanofibers 26 1.1.6. Limitation and perspective of electrospinning 44 1.2. Research objectives 47 Chapter 2. Numerical simulation of gas-assisted melt electrospinning 50 2.1. Needs for modeling of gas-assisted melt electrospinning 50 2.2. Methods 53 2.2.1. Gas-assisted melt-electrospinning process 53 2.2.2. Numerical simulation of single-nozzle GAME process 56 2.2.3. Calculation of electric field in multi-nozzle configuration 60 2.2.4. Numerical simulation of multi-nozzle GAME process 61 2.3. Results and discussion 62 2.3.1. Simulation of single-nozzle GAME process 62 2.3.2. Simulation of multi-nozzle GAME process 73 2.4. Summary 81 Chapter 3. Fabrication of inherently helical structure nanofibers 83 3.1. Needs for fabrication of helical nanofibers 83 3.2. Experimental 85 3.2.1. Preparation of dielectric solution for helical nanofibers 84 3.2.2. Preparation of conductive solution for helical nanofibers 86 3.2.3. Electrospinning and spinneret geometry 86 3.2.4. Characterization of Electrospun Fibers 87 3.3. Results and discussion 88 3.3.1. Effect of solvent vapor pressure on structure 88 3.3.2. Effects of solidification on structure 94 3.3.3. Numerical simulations of jet near nozzle 99 3.3.4. Further enhanced helical structrues 105 3.4. Summary 111 Chapter 4. Fabrication of a stretchable, wrinkle-free electrode with switchable transparency 113 4.1. Transparent and stretchable electrode 113 4.2. Experimental 116 4.2.1. Materials 116 4.2.2. Preparation of shape memory polymer substrate 117 4.2.3. Fabrication of free-standing silver nanofiber 117 4.2.4. Characterization of SMPโ€“TSE 118 4.3. Results and discussion 119 4.3.1. Fabrication of free-standing silver nanofibers 119 4.3.2. Optoelectrical properties of silver nanofibers 128 4.3.3. Shape memory substrate 129 4.3.4. Shape memory polymerโ€“transparent and stretchable electrode 137 4.4. Summary 143 Chapter 5. Conclusions 145 Chapter 6. Appendix 147 Reference 161 Korean abstract 189Docto

    Development and Application of the Global Ecological Education Program for Increasing Eco-Literacy

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2022.2. ๊น€์žฌ๊ทผ.The global ecosystem faces various and severe environmental and ecological problems such as biodiversity loss, climate change, and land desertification. Ecological literacy education is essential to solving the future ecosystem's issues. The recent changes in the global ecosystem have resulted in individuals and communities that have a more significant impact on the national and international levels due to globalization. To recognize the global ecological crisis, a fundamental understanding of these issues is required based on an environmental perspective that includes individuals, populations, communities, biomes, and global ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the global perspective by reflecting social and environmental trends in ecological education. Since informal educational institutions complement formal education, environmental ecology education should reflect a global view, including social-environmental trends. To this end, it is necessary to discuss specific methods for expanding the objects and subjects away from the existing nature experience-centered ecological education provided by informal educational institutes. This study tried to propose a model of the 'Global Ecological Education Program,' which reflects the global perspective that can suggest the direction of ecological education for adults (e.g., university students). In chapter โ… , based on the necessity of research related to the development of ecological literacy and ecological education programs targeting Korean university students to solve future global ecological issues, I tried to elucidate the level of awareness of ecological literacy and influence factors for diagnosing the current status of university students. In order to measure the ecological literacy of Korean university students, a statistically representative scale (more than 1,000 people) was extracted, and a survey and analysis were conducted on the ecological literacy awareness level of university students of the corresponding size (i.e., sample size: 1,009 students). As a result, first, the recognition level of the integrated ecological literacy of Korean university students was overall above 'average.' By ecological literacy component, ecological values & attitudes, sensibility, knowledge & understanding showed an average level of recognition. In contrast, ecological thinking ability was low, and although they had the willingness to act, they lacked experience. Second, there was no regional difference in the characteristics of ecological literacy perception. Still, by gender, women were higher than men, and by university type, four-year university students were slightly higher than two-year college students. There was a difference in the level of awareness of ecological literacy by major fields, and it was different for each ecological literacy component. The ecological literacy of education-majored students was the highest overall. At the same time, natural, engineering, and pharmaceutical majors showed high knowledge & understanding, thinking ability, and humanities; arts & physical education majors showed high sensitivity and values โ€‹โ€‹& attitudes. Third, the correlation between the components showed a close correlation between values & attitude and sensitivity, knowledge & understanding and thinking ability, and action willingness and action experience. Fourth, as an influencing factor, the willingness of 'I' is the most important. The experience of observing nature and discussing and debating ecological issues was the most influential factor in the ecological literacy component. In addition, indirect experiences through books & media and the experience of participating in out-of-school educational programs affect the cultivation of ecological literacy. Fifth, Korean university students showed a different preference for ecological education program topics by major. The preferred program types were field trips and camps that students could directly participate. Considerations for students' participation in the program included participation fees, compensation system, reinforcement of public relations, and academic impact. Finally, the influence of parents on behavioral experiences for ecological practice and participation was significant. As a result of the study, it is necessary to promote the cultivation of ecological literacy of Korean university students. For this purpose, it is essential to provide opportunities for experience through the development and provision of various ecological education programs considering the characteristics of university students in informal educational institutes. In chapter โ…ก, I reviewed the importance of developing an ecological education program reflecting the trend of the times. Then, I proposed a model of the ecological education program development procedure for informal educational institutes that reflected the management characteristics of public institutes (i.e., informal education institutes). The first procedure was selecting the foundation model that reflects the operating characteristics of the public institute. Secondly, informal educational institutes should have chosen the educational procedure elements through a prior study review. Later, the revised procedural model was developed by examining the issues in the management evaluation of the public institute. As a case study (fourth procedure), the model applied to the โ€˜2018 Global Ecology Cooperation Academy' of the National Institute of Ecology. The final process was presented by checking and modifying the complements of the procedures. Based on the P-D-C-A model (i.e., foundation model), the case study could supplement the model's availability and develop the procedure model of the ecological education program development. Based on these analyses, it was possible to suggest applying for the development and evaluation of ecological education programs considering the characteristics of the public institute. In chapter โ…ข, The 'Global Ecology Education Program' developed and applied to nurture global citizens who cultivate ecological literacy for university students and older adults. The program was designed as a framework for the five components of ecological literacy (sensibility, values & attitudes, knowledge & understanding, thinking ability, practice & participation) according to chapter โ…ก. The program consists of 4 modules (44 hours) (โ‘  international cooperation status of environmental and ecological field in Korea and other countries, โ‘ก nature's contributions to people lecture, โ‘ข participation in global biodiversity and ecosystem service assessment, โ‘ฃ field trips). The developed program applied to 18 students from August 21st to 27th (7days), 2019. The result of the program is as follows. (1) Participants perceived participation in the academy as a communication platform to expand information exchange with people who have similar interests in ecology and environment. In addition, they recognized it as an opportunity to access career information and find a way to solve their problems. (2) The global ecological education program effectively cultivated participants' ecological literacy, improved their willingness to make career decisions, and gained confidence in new challenges. Modules 2 and 3 were the most meaningful modules for cultivating ecological literacy. Module 2 improved ecological values and attitudes by making the participants aware of the importance of an ecocentric perspective. Module 3 helped improve ecological thinking ability to discover and solve global issues related to biodiversity and ecosystem services. Participants generally prefer programs focused on international discussion trends and international cooperation practice and utilization. In addition, they felt a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction in training & participation-oriented learning rather than lecture-oriented learning. (3) Participants actively used participation opportunities in the learning process by interacting with various stakeholders (e.g, other participants, instructors, mentors, operators, etc.) to maximize their learning effects. (4) After the program, students' participation experience increased confidence in new challenges, improving their willingness to practice specific actions in related fields. As a result of the evaluation of circumstance factors, they preferred to create an intensive and efficient condition that did not significantly affect the individualโ€™s main work (e.g., study, job, etc.). Moreover, providing an immersed environment in the program leads to overall satisfaction improvement. In conclusion, this study suggested the framework of ecological education reflecting the global perspective and the necessity of expanding ecological education for adults based on the review of ecological literacy from the global citizenship perspective. In addition, the โ€˜Global Ecological Education Program (actual education program of the public institute)โ€™ was developed by the model of the ecological education program development procedure for informal educational institutes. Korean university students felt the lack of learning opportunities for ecological education programs and demanded the experience of various ecological education programs for career development. Moreover, the ecological literacy cultivation education program (i.e., Global Ecological Education Program) reflecting the global perspective effectively cultivated the ecological literacy of university students. It promoted their willingness to act by improving ecological thinking and providing behavioral experiences. This study can be applied as a model for developing ecological literacy programs through the life cycle of informal educational institutes.์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”, ํ† ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™” ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝโ€ค์ƒํƒœ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘๊ต์œก์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ , ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ์ฐจ์›์— ์ ์ฐจ ๋” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ธ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ์ฒดโ€ค๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐโ€ค๊ตฐ์ง‘โ€ค์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ๊ณ„(๋ฐ”์ด์˜ด)โ€ค์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก์— ์‚ฌํšŒโ€คํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝโ€ค์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ํ˜•์‹๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ณด์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ์ฒดํ—˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜, ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ œ ํ™•์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ(๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ)์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘ ๊ต์œก์ธ โ€˜๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจโ€™์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒํƒœ ์ด์Šˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ๋ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ์ธ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  1,009๋ช…์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ์ธ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์„ค๋ฌธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒซ์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ธ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ โ€˜๋ณดํ†ตโ€™ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ธ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„, ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ, ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์ธ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ƒํƒœ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–‰๋™ ์˜์ง€๋Š” ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ์ธ์‹์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์„ฑ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ณ , ๋Œ€ํ•™์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” 4๋…„์ œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ณต๊ณ„์—ด๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ์ธ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก๊ณ„์—ด ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘์ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์—ฐโ€ค๊ณตํ•™โ€ค์˜์•ฝ ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด, ์ธ๋ฌธโ€ค์˜ˆ์ฒด๋Šฅ ๊ณ„์—ด์€ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€-ํƒœ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ, ์ง€์‹-์ดํ•ด์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ํ–‰๋™ ์˜์ง€์™€ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์€ โ€˜๋‚˜โ€™ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž์—ฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ, ์ƒํƒœ ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ† ์˜โ€คํ† ๋ก  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ค€ ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„์„œ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ– ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์„ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ „๊ณต๊ณ„์—ด๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฌํ•™โ€ค์บ ํ”„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋น„, ๋ณด์ƒ์ œ๋„ ๋งˆ๋ จ, ํ™๋ณด ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ํ•™์—…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํƒœ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘ ์ฆ์ง„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ œ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์šด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ, ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ต์œก์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์Ÿ์  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์ƒํƒœ์› โ€˜2018 ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธโ€™์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, P-D-C-A๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์šด์˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด์–ผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ์ด์ƒ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด โ€˜๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจโ€™์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ 5๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ(๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ, ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„, ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ‹€๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, โ‘  ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝโ€ง์ƒํƒœ ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ, โ‘ก ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜œํƒ, โ‘ข ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, โ‘ฃ ๊ฒฌํ•™โ€ง์ฒดํ—˜/๊ต์œก ์šด์˜ ์ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ(44์‹œ๊ฐ„)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ 2019๋…„ 8์›” 21์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 27์ผ, 6๋ฐ• 7์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด 18๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํƒœใƒปํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ต๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ์ฆ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง„๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘๊ณผ ์ง„๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์˜์ง€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ ํš๋“์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํƒœ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ 2์™€, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•™์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํƒœ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ ฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ 3 ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์‹ค๋ฌดโ€คํ™œ์šฉ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ•™์Šต๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์Šต๊ณผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•™์Šต ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž(๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž, ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž, ๋ฉ˜ํ† , ์šด์˜์ง„ ๋“ฑ)์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํ›„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™ ์‹ค์ฒœ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌํ•ญ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฃผ ์—…๋ฌด(ํ•™์—…, ์ง์—… ๋“ฑ)์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ง‘์•ฝ์ ใƒปํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชฐ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ณต์ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘์„ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ‹€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , โ€˜๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจโ€™์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœโ€ค์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•จ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง„๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ โ€˜๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจโ€™์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํƒœ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ–‰๋™ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์•  ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  6 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 7 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 1. ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก 9 1.1. ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 9 1.2. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†Œ์–‘, ์ƒํƒœ์  ์†Œ์–‘, ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 13 1.3. ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 29 2. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ต์œก 33 2.1. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์†Œ์–‘ 33 2.2. ์„ธ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 39 3. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 46 3.1. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 46 3.2. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 50 โ…ข. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘ ์ธ์‹ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 52 1. ์„œ๋ก  52 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 54 2.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ์š” 54 2.2. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 54 2.3. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 58 2.4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 67 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 68 3.1. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ์ธ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 68 3.2. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ์ „๊ณต๊ณ„์—ด๋ณ„ ์ธ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 72 3.3. ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 75 3.4. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ ์†Œ์–‘ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ 77 3.5. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์š”๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ 82 4. ๋…ผ์˜ 87 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 90 โ…ฃ. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ชจํ˜• ์ œ์•ˆ 94 1. ์„œ๋ก  94 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 97 2.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ์š” 97 2.2. ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์„ ์ • : PDCA 97 2.3. ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ 98 2.4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 99 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 100 3.1. 1์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ชจํ˜• 100 3.2. 2์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ชจํ˜• 106 3.3. ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ์šฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 113 3.4. ์ตœ์ข…๋ชจํ˜• 146 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 148 โ…ค. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ 150 1. ์„œ๋ก  150 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 152 2.1. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 152 2.2. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ ์šฉ 153 2.3. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 154 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 159 3.1. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  159 3.2. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 161 3.3. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ 170 4. ๋…ผ์˜ 205 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 207 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 210 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  210 2. ์ œ์–ธ 214๋ฐ•

    ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™์–‘ํ™”๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์กฐ์ธํ˜ธ.This paper deals with my work from 2020 to the present, and examines the expression ofOvercoming of Nihil(futility, nothing(็„ก)) by analyzing the elements of dramatic composition and improvisation. Nihil(่™›็„ก) is the most permeated consciousness and concept in humans life. In this regard overcoming anxiety and approaching one's essence and life is a topic for many people. However, Nihil is not necessarily negative but could be overcome. Nihil which has been overcome becomes a will to live, not a meaninglessness of life, and becomes the foundation for possibility that all absolute values are overthrown. Overcoming of Nihil is realized bydramatic compositionconsists of motifs and frames andimprovisation. To overcome Nihil, I focus on expressing life and human being using my daily life as a motif. However I reconstruct it through dramatic composition to reveal my motif dramatically. Also I expressfreedomby improvisational curves and expressoversetby improvisational Pamuk expression which is a property of overcome Nihil. A will which is a property of overcome Nihil does not stay only in the screen. The scope of overcoming expression is expanded by the frame. By transforming the edge and frame of the work, such as painting the frame with the objects color in the screen or not refining the edge of the screen, the contents in the screen which is the theme of the work, are released to the frame. From this, the expression of overcoming Nihil is revealed not only inside of the screen but also outside of the screen. In this paper, I analyze my work that realizes overcome Nihil as follows. In Chapter I, I summarize the format and importance of this paper, including the subject of the work. In Chapter II, I consider the dictionary definition and philosophical meaning of Nihil, and based on this I examine the meaning of overcome Nihil. After examining the expression of negative Nihil through the works of Takehisa Yumeji and Edvard Munch and the expression of positive Nihil through the style of Ukiyo-e, I express my opinion about the overcome Nihil by considering the meaning of Nothing(็„ก)which is the thought of Lao-tzu(๏คดๅญ) and Zhuang-zhou(่ŽŠๅญ) and the concept ofDer vollkommene Nihilismusby Friedrich Nietzsche. In Chapter III, I analyze the way ofdramatic compositionconsists of motifs and frames, andimprovisationrevealed by curves and Pamuk expression, to examine the expression of overcomimg of Nihil in my work. I analyze that the Nihil is dramatically revealed through dramatic composition, although I construct the screen using daily life as motifs, and examine that the will which is the property of overcome Nihil is also being released by the frame. Continually, I clarify the property of Nihil which is freedom and overset revealed by improvisational curves and Pamuk expression, and examine the dynamic movement of Nihil maximized by the improvisational curves and Pamuk expression. In Chapter IV, I determine the originality of my work by explaining the figurative feature and material techniques. After examining the figurative feature such as the momentum of Ink line, the variation of frame, the contrast of color, and the unrefined surface, I explain the material techniques such as using Ink, Bunchae, Coffee, and Contรฉ. And reveal that the figurative feature and material techniques are maximizing the dramatic expression of Nihil even more. Finally In Chapter V, I look back on the previous contents of this paper once again and seek the future direction of my work. This paper differs from other studies in that it derives positive results from Nihil. I do not simply list the feeling of Nihil. I look at the Nihil in new way and derive a will to live from it, and analyze my work through this paper to prove this. This is the value and importance of my work and this paper. I hope that audience feel an appreciation as a will to see the current life as it is, through my work. Instead of giving up and facing away ones existence and the meaning of life that cannot be identified, I hope people feel the value of a human being that lives desperately facing up to Nihil and the value of life through my work. This is the purpose of my work and proving this is the purpose of this paper.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2020๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ์—ฐ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋…น์•„๋“  ์˜์‹์ด์ž ๊ด€๋…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ทน๋ณต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณต๋œ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋Š” ๋„๋ฆฌ์–ด ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•จ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ถ์—์˜ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ณต๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์„œ ์žˆ์Œ์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต์€ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„์™€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ฐ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์  ๋จน ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋‚˜์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„ ์‚ผ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์‚ถ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์—ฐ์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์  ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์†์„ฑ์„, ์ฆ‰ํฅ์  ํŒŒ๋ฌต์œผ๋กœ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ์ „๋ณต์  ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทน๋ณต๋œ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ์˜์ง€์  ์†์„ฑ์€ ํ™”๋ฉด ์•ˆ์—๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ™”๋ฉด ์† ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ‰์„ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ์น ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ •์ œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์™ธ๊ณฝ๊ณผ ์•ก์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™”๋ฉด ์† ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ํ™”๋ฉด ์†๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ™”๋ฉด ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทน๋ณต๋œ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ… ์žฅ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๊ด„ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ํ›„ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณต๋œ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ผ€ํžˆ์‚ฌ ์œ ๋ฉ”์ง€์™€ ์—๋“œ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ๋ญ‰ํฌ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฉด์  ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ์šฐํ‚ค์š”์— ํ™”ํ’์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ๋œ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ํ›„, ๋…ธ์žฅ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฌด(็„ก)์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๋‹ˆ์ฒด์˜์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์ฃผ์˜๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทน๋ณต๋œ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทน๋ณต๋œ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„์™€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ฐ์ถœ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ฌต์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฆ‰ํฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„ ์‚ผ์•„ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋˜ ์—ฐ์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทน๋ณต๋œ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ์˜์ง€์  ์†์„ฑ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ์ฆ‰ํฅ์  ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ฌต ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€ ์ „๋ณต์  ์†์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐํžˆ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. โ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์กฐํ˜•์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จน์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์„ธ์™€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋น„์™€ ์ •์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋“ฑ ์กฐํ˜•์  ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ํ›„ ๋จน๊ณผ ๋ถ„์ฑ„, ์ปคํ”ผ์™€ ์ฝฉํ…Œ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์กฐํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ทน์  ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ โ…ค์žฅ ๋งบ์Œ๋ง์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ž‘์—… ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‚ถ์—์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„์ง‘์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜์ด์ž ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ์ƒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒด๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹คํ•ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ผˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด ์ž‘์—…์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1 โ…ก. ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ทน๋ณต 5 1. ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 5 2. ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต 11 โ…ข. ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต ํ‘œํ˜„ 19 1. ์—ฐ์ถœ 19 1) ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌด 20 2) ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ง€ 40 2. ์ฆ‰ํฅ 50 1) ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์ž์œ  50 2) ํŒŒ๋ฌต์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ณต 57 โ…ฃ. ์กฐํ˜•์  ํŠน์ง• ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 65 1. ์กฐํ˜•์  ํŠน์ง• 65 1) ์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์„ธ 65 2) ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 71 3) ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ๋Œ€๋น„ 79 4) ์ •์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด 84 2. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 89 1) ๋จน์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 89 2) ๋ถ„์ฑ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ 93 3) ์ปคํ”ผ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ 97 4) ์ฝฉํ…Œ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 102 โ…ค. ๋งบ์Œ๋ง 105 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 110 ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ง‘ 113 Abstract 135์„

    An Empirical Study on the Occupational Sex Segregation in Korean Labor Market

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    ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ 1960๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œํ•˜์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋Š ๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋ฃฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ถ”์„ธ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์ง๋„ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์—๋Š” ์ง์ข…๋ณ„ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋‘”์นธ์ง€์ˆ˜(Duncan Index)์™€ ์ž…์ง€๊ณ„์ˆ˜(location index)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํƒ€๋Š” ์ œ6์ฐจ ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ‘œ์ค€์ง์—… ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ค‘๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 2009-2016๊นŒ์ง€ 8๋…„ ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‘”์นธ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์™„ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‘”์นธ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ค‘๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์—์„œ 40, ๋Œ€๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์—์„œ 20์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ง์ข…๋ณ„ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ž…์ง€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ง์—…์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ง‘์ค‘๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ง์ข…์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 20๊ฐœ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ง์ข…์ด 31๊ฐœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ ์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ์ง์—…๊ตฐ์— ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง์—…๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฏธ์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ €์ž„๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ €์งˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ์—…์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์งˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธ‰๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ง, ์ „๋ฌธ์ง๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ง์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณ ์šฉ๋น„์œจ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ €์ž„๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ €์งˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง์ข…์— ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. |Korea has achieved the rapid economic growth through industrialization based on capitalism since 1960 which few country has ever experienced. During the period of economic growth, the number of the employed female laborers has been increased continuously. In spite of these trends, there is still the occupational sex segregation in Korean labor market and moreover this segregation seems to be strengthened. Under these circumstances, this paper tries to make an empirical analysis using indexical approach to figure out how the occupational sex segregation in Korean labor market is going on. Duncan index(DI) and location index(LI) are used as analytical tools, based on the large and middle categories of the 6th Korean Standard Classification of Occupation. The results are summarized as follows. Firstly, the trend of DI for 8 years(2009-2016) showed that the segregation has been slackened slightly. However, the measurement value of DI in the middle category is as high as 40 or so and in the large category as high as 20 or so. These values indicate that sexual discrimination is working on through the occupational sex segregation. Secondly, LI was measured to find out the degree of sex concentration of occupation using data of the middle category. The occupations with positive value(+), which female concentration is higher than male, amount to 20. It is compared that the number of the occupations with negative value(-) is 31. It showed that female workers were getting jobs intensively in a fewer category of occupations than male workers. And the results also indicated that female workers concentrated on getting jobs with low wage and low quality just like beauty treatment services or paramedical services, while the ratio of female employment is considerably low in the jobs with high wage and high quality just like public officials in technical and professional service and workers in managerial service. It is concluded that sexual discrimination through occupational sex segregation and sex concentration of occupation is still working on in Korean labor market.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 3 ์ œ2์žฅ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 4 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก  4 1. ์„ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 4 2. ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก  7 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 14 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ ์„ค๋ช… 14 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• 30 1. ๋˜์ปจ์ง€์ˆ˜(Duncan & Duncan Dissimilarity Index: DI) 30 2. ์ž…์ง€๊ณ„์ˆ˜(Location Index: LI)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ง์ข…๋ณ„ ์„ฑ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„ 32 ์ œ4์žฅ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 34 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋˜์ปจ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 34 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ž…์ง€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 37 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  45 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 45 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 46 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 48Maste

    ใ€Ž์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๆณ•ๅญธใ€ 50๋…„์˜ ํšŒ๊ณ  : ์„ธ๋ฒ•

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    ๋ฒ•ํ•™์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์™€์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์กฐ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์„ธํ‘œ์ค€๊ณผ ์„ธ์•ก์˜ ์‚ฐ์ • ์„ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์„ธํ‘œ์ค€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ • ์ด ๊ธฐ์—…ํšŒ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ค๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋น„(้ž)๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธ์ œ ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ๋‹น์œ„์„ฑ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋ฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณด๋“ฏ์ด, ์„ธ๊ธˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์€ ๋‘๋งํ•  ๋‚˜์œ„๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜ ์˜ํ•˜๋“ฏ, ํŠนํžˆ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์™”๊ณ , ๋น„๋ก ์•„์ง ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ๋“ค, ์ฆ‰ ๊ณ  ์ • ๊ด€๋…์„ ํƒ€ํŒŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐธ์‹ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๋…ผ์ฆ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์„ ๋น„ ๋กฏํ•œ ์ธ์ ‘ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๋‹ค

    Reproducibility of automated habenula segmentation via deep learning in major depressive disorder and normal controls with 7 Tesla MRI

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    The habenula is one of the most important brain regions for investigating the etiology of psychiatric diseases such as major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the habenula is challenging to delineate with the naked human eye in brain imaging due to its low contrast and tiny size, and the manual segmentation results vary greatly depending on the observer. Therefore, there is a great need for automatic quantitative analytic methods of the habenula for psychiatric research purposes. Here we propose an automated segmentation and volume estimation method for the habenula in 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging based on a deep learning-based semantic segmentation network. The proposed method, using the data of 69 participants (33 patients with MDD and 36 normal controls), achieved an average precision, recall, and dice similarity coefficient of 0.869, 0.865, and 0.852, respectively, in the automated segmentation task. Moreover, the intra-class correlation coefficient reached 0.870 in the volume estimation task. This study demonstrates that this deep learning-based method can provide accurate and quantitative analytic results of the habenula. By providing rapid and quantitative information on the habenula, we expect our proposed method will aid future psychiatric disease studies.ope

    Takotsubo-like severe left ventricular dysfunction after cesarean delivery in a 28-year old woman

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    Takotsubo cardiomyopathy typically affects post-menopausal women who experience severe psychological or physical stress. It can also develop after medical procedures or surgery. Although the underlying mechanism has not been clearly elucidated, catecholamine overload is one of the most plausible etiologies. Herein we report a case of takotsubo-like left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in a 28-year old woman who underwent Cesarean delivery. She presented with acute heart failure and pulmonary edema immediately after the delivery. Her echocardiography showed severe LV dysfunction and apical ballooning. This case is clinically and pathophysiologically similar to peripartum cardiomyopathyope

    Recent trends in opioid prescriptions in Korea from 2002 to 2015 based on the Korean NHIS-NSC cohort

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    Objectives: Opioids are prescribed to treat moderate to severe pain. We investigated recent trends in opioid (morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, and hydromorphone) prescriptions using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort between 2002 and 2015. Methods: The morphine milligram equivalent (MME) was calculated to standardize the relative potency of opioids. The number (cases) or amount (MME) of annual opioid prescriptions per 10,000 registrants was computed to analyze trends in opioid prescriptions after age standardization. Joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to calculate the annual percentage change and average annual percentage change (AAPC). Results: The number (cases) of prescriptions per 10,000 registrants increased from 0.07 in 2002 to 41.23 in 2015 (AAPC, 76.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 61.6 to 91.7). The MME per 10,000 registrants increased from 15.06 in 2002 to 40,727.80 in 2015 (AAPC, 103.0%; 95% CI, 78.2 to 131.3). The highest AAPC of prescriptions and MME per 10,000 registrants were observed in the elderly (60-69 years) and in patients treated at general hospitals. Fentanyl prescriptions increased most rapidly among the 4 opioids. Conclusions: Consumption of opioids greatly increased in Korea over the 14-year study period.ope

    Lipid Accumulation Product Index Predicts New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Among Non-Obese Koreans: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study

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    Purpose: The lipid accumulation product (LAP) has been a potential indicator of central lipid accumulation status. This study aimed to assess the longitudinal association between LAP index and incident type 2 diabetes among non-obese Korean adults using a large, community-based Korean cohort observed over 12 years. Patients and methods: This study included 4281 non-diabetic adults without generalized obesity and abdominal obesity and aged 40-69 years from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The participants were divided into four groups according to LAP index quartiles, calculated as (waist circumference [cm] - 65) x (triglycerides [mmol/L]) in men and (waist circumference [cm] - 58) x (triglycerides [mmol/L]) in women. We prospectively assessed hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidential intervals (CIs) for incident type 2 diabetes using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results: Overall, 608 (14.2%) participants developed type 2 diabetes during the follow-up period. HRs for incident type 2 diabetes in the second, third, and fourth LAP quartile were 1.32 (95% CI: 0.97-1.79), 1.51 (95% CI: 1.11-2.06), and 2.14 (95% CI: 1.56-2.94), respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, mean arterial blood pressure, family history of diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance. Conclusion: A high LAP index can be an additional indicator for new-onset T2DM among middle-aged and elderly non-obese Koreans.ope

    Serum Cystatin C Is a Major Predictor of Vancomycin Clearance in a Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Patients with Normal Serum Creatinine Concentrations

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    We developed a population pharmacokinetic model of vancomycin by integrating the effects of cystatin C and other demographic factors in a large population of Korean patients with normal serum creatinine concentrations to elucidate the precise role of serum cystatin C concentrations in the prediction of vancomycin clearance. A population pharmacokinetic model of vancomycin was developed using NONMEM software from a total of 1,373 vancomycin concentration measurements in 678 patients whose serum creatinine concentrations were lower than 1.2 mg/dL. Covariate selection revealed that cystatin C was the most influential factor and had negative influence ((-0.78)) in the relationship. Total body weight, sex, age, and serum creatinine were also significantly correlated with the clearance. The estimated intersubject variabilities of clearance and volume of distribution were 24.7% and 25.1%, respectively. A 14-fold difference in predicted trough concentrations was observed according to only cystatin C concentrations in a population of simulated individuals with median demographic characteristics. The use of serum cystatin C as marker of vancomycin clearance for more accurate predictions of serum vancomycin concentrations could be useful, particularly among patients with normal serum creatinine concentrations.ope
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