Tracing Submarine Groundwater Discharge into Jiaozhou Bay by Radon-222

摘要 本文依托国家自然科学基金项目“多种方法研究胶州湾海底地下水排泄（41072174）”，通过运用天然存在的氡同位素（222Rn）示踪技术，对胶州湾的海底地下水排泄（SGD）进行评价，并对其输送的营养盐通量进行估算。 本研究利用RAD7（电子测氡仪）对胶州湾周边的地下水、河水和海水进行222Rn活度测量。测得2011年9~10月胶州湾周边地下水中222Rn的平均活度为16706Bq/m3，河水中222Rn的平均活度为1970Bq/m3，湾内海水中222Rn的平均活度为221Bq/m3；2012年4~5月地下水中222Rn的平均活度为17855Bq/m3，河水中222Rn的平均活度为393...Abstract This paper,supported by the project of Using multi-methods research submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in Jiaozhou Bay (41072174), which belongs to the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Calculate flux of SGD in Jiaozhou Bay by using naturally-occurring radon isotopes (222Rn) trace technique and estimates flux of nutrients through SGD. This study using RAD7 (Durriage Compa...学位：理学硕士院系专业：海洋与环境学院_海洋地质学号：2242010115131

The studies on Taiwan SITE’s entrance into mainland

本文以市场进入理论、产业组织理论、跨国公司合资动机理论为基础，以台湾投信业进入大陆市场模式为切入点，在对台湾投信业发展概况、进入大陆市场现状以及进入大陆市场优劣势分析后，通过借鉴国外基金业进入大陆、台湾投信业进入香港和台湾金融业进入大陆的经验，深入探讨台湾投信业进入大陆市场的可行模式。 本文结构分为如下几章： 第一章为绪论，介绍了本文的研究背景与意义、研究的方法与目的，研究的思路与框架以及研究的创新与不足。第二章介绍了市场进入理论、产业组织理论、跨国公司合资动机理论，并对相关研究成果进行了文献回顾。第三章对台湾投信业的发展概况做了研究，首先回顾了台湾投信业的发展历程，并运用产业组织理论分析...Based on theories relevant to Industrial Organization Theory and other theories,this paper has discussed the feasibility modes for Taiwan SITE's entrance into mainland. After Analysis the general situation of Taiwan SITE,present situation of Taiwan SITE's entrance into mainland and the weakness and strength of Taiwan SITE entrance into mainland,by enlightening of foreign fund industry entry mainla...学位：经济学硕士院系专业：台湾研究所_区域经济学学号：2562007115213

The Study on the Cross-Strait securities industry Cooperation

自2008年5月国民党重新执政以来，两岸关系出现了新局面。随着《海峡两岸经济合作框架协议》（ECFA）的签署、实施，两岸的经贸合作进入了大交流大发展的新时期。但是，两岸金融合作对于经贸往来的支撑作用非常有限，而相比于金融领域中银行业、保险业的合作，两岸证券业的合作又明显滞后。学术界对于两岸证券业合作的研究也相对甚少。在此背景下，本文选择从两岸证券业合作的角度切入，探讨深化两岸证券业合作的可行性、模式、区位选择等问题，具有较强的现实意义和一定的理论价值。本文的主体内容主要包括以下三个方面： 首先，回顾并比较两岸证券业的发展与开放历程，简述两岸证券业合作的现状及特点，在此基础上探讨深化两岸证券业...After the alternation of Taiwan’s political party in 2008,Cross-straits relations have achieved new situation. Meanwhile, the signing of“Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement”（ECFA),opens a new age of exchange and development. However, the cross-strait financial cooperation is very limited for the supporting role of trade and economic relations, Compared to the financial sector the banking i...学位：经济学博士院系专业：台湾研究院_区域经济学学号：2562010015396

Estimating Submarine Groundwater Discharge into the Jiaozhou Bay Using ~(226)Ra

海底地下水排泄(SGD)是全球水循环的一个组成部分,其输送的溶解物质不仅参与海洋的生物地球化学循环,而且影响近岸海域的生态环境。为了评估胶州湾海底地下水排泄状况,通过建立胶州湾内海水中226Ra的质量平衡模型来计算海底地下水排泄通量。胶州湾海水中226Ra的源主要有河流的输入、沉积物扩散输入和地下水的输入,海水系统在稳定状态下,这几种源应该与湾内海水和湾外海水的混合损失达到平衡。除了将地下水输入作为未知项外,对其他源和汇逐个进行量化,计算得知:2011年9—10月胶州湾的海底地下水排泄通量为7.85×10~6m~3·d~(-1);2012年4—5月胶州湾的海底地下水排泄通量为4.72×106m~3·d~(-1)。在此基础上,对地下水输入胶州湾的营养盐进行了评价。Submarine groundwater discharge( SGD) is a part of global water cycle,which delivers a large amount of solutes to the biogeochemical cycle and affects the coastal ecological environment. The ~(226)Ra mass balance model was established to estimate the submarine groundwater discharge to the Jiaozhou Bay. The ~(226)Ra sources include river transport,sediment diffusion and SGD,these sources should be in balance with the mixing loss of the bay water and open seawater when the seawater system is in the stable state. Except for the SGD was unknown item,other sources and sinks were quantified one by one. Calculated results showed that the SGD fluxes during September to October in 2011 was 7. 85 × 106m~3·d~(-1),April to May in 2012 was 4. 72 × 106m~3·d~(- 1). Based on the SGD fluxes,the SGD derived nutrient fluxes were estimated.国家自然科学基金项目(41072174)~

Temporal and spatial variation of nutrients in the rivers around Jiaozhou Bay and its fluxes into the sea

本文选取胶州湾周边5条主要入海河流作为研究对象,于2011秋季和2012年春季,测定了河流中无机营养盐的浓度水平,调查了各河流营养盐的主要来源,分析了营养盐的时空变化及成因,并计算了营养盐的入海通量.结果表明,各流域nO-3-n、SIO2-3-SI、nH+4-n、nO-2-n浓度主要表现为秋季较高,PO3-4-P浓度春季较高.白沙河、洋河流域营养盐主要来源为面源污染;墨水河、李村河流域营养盐主要来源于工业废水和生活污水;大沽河流域营养盐主要来源于农田径流和生活污水.除nH+4-n入海通量为墨水河最高外,其余各项营养盐入海通量均为大沽河最高.dIn、PO3-4-P、SIO2-3-SI入海通量分别为373.74x103MOl·d-1、7.08x103MOl·d-1、73.16x103MOl·d-1,n∶P∶SI数量比约为53∶1∶10.River runoff is the most important discharge pathway from mainland to sea,which is one of the reasons that the eutrophication and red tide occur frequently in parts of Jiaozhou Bay.The nutrient investigations about five relatively big rivers around Jiaozhou Bay were conducted in autumn of 2011 and spring of 2012,respectively.We measured the nutrient concentrations in river water, investigated the main resources of nutrients,analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of nutrients and its causes, and calculated the nutrient fluxes to Jiaozhou Bay.Results show that the concentrations of NO-3-N, SiO2-3-Si, NH+ 4-N and NO-2-N are higher in autumn while the concentration of PO3-4-P is higher in spring.Non-point source pollution is the main source of nutrients in Baisha River and Yang River.Industrial wastewater,urban sewage and household wastes are the main sources of nutrient in Moshui River,and the nutrients originate mainly from farmland runoff and sewage in Dagu river.Except for NH+ 4-N flux which is much higher in Moshui River,all other nutrient fluxes to the sea are comparatively higher in Dagu River.The calculated fluxes for DIN,PO3-4-P and SiO2-3-Si are 373.74 × 103mol·d- 1,7.08 ×103mol·d- 1and 73.16 × 103mol·d- 1, respectively,and the ratio of N,P and Si within the fluxes is 53 ∶ 1 ∶ 10.国家自然科学基金项目资助(41072174)资

Characteristics of Radium Desorption from Sediments in the Salt Water Environment

海底沉积物向上覆水体扩散的镭是海洋水体中镭同位素的重要来源之一。为了研究沉积物中镭同位素的解吸和扩散特点,进行了不同盐度和不同粒度条件下224rA和226rA解吸的模拟实验,并通过多个时间段的沉积物培养实验获取224rA和226rA的扩散通量。实验结果表明:随着水体盐度增大,沉积物中224rA、226rA的解吸量随之增加,在盐度为25时,解吸量基本达到最大值;在同一咸水环境条件下,4个粒级(2000~1000μM、1000~500μM、500~250μM、250~125μM)的沉积物的224rA、226rA解吸量比较接近,粒级>2000μM的224rA、226rA解吸量略高于上述4个粒级,而粒级<125μM的224rA、226rA解吸量远大于上述5个粒级;胶州湾沉积物中224rA和226rA的平均扩散通量分别为0.85 bQ·M–2·d–1和0.022 bQ·M–2·d–1。Radium diffusion from sediments to overlying water is one of the important sources of radium isotopes in ocean water.A series of laboratory desorption/diffusion experiments were conducted to help elucidate the characteristics of sediments on 224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption and diffusion,which included 1) 224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption from sediments in water of different salinities,2) 224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption from sediments of different grain sizes in water of the same salinity,3) 224 Ra and 226 Ra diffusive fluxes by observing Ra enrichment with time in the overlying water of incubated sediments.The experimental results show that there is an increase in the amount of 224 Ra and 226 Ra with the increase of salinity from 5 to 30,and Ra desorption is strongest at the salinity of 25.Under the same salt water condition,224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption activities of the four grain sizes(2000~1000 μm,1000~500 μm,500~250 μm and 250~125 μm) of sediments are very close to each other.When the grain sizes of sediments are larger than 2000μm,the 224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption activities are slightly higher than those of the sediments of the above-mentioned four grain sizes.When the grain sizes of sediments are less than 125 μm,the 224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption activities are much larger than those of the above-mentioned five grain sizes.The average diffusive fluxes of 224 Ra and 226 Ra of sediments from Jiaozhou Bay are 0.85 Bq·m-2·d-1 and 0.022 Bq·m-2·d-1,respectively.国家自然科学基金项目(编号:41072174)资

The Evaluation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Jiaozhou Bay Based on ~(222)Rn Mass Balance

海底地下水排泄(Sgd)作为全球水循环的一个组成部分,近年来成为陆海相互作用的研究热点。地球化学示踪法是研究海底地下水排泄的主要手段。本文以环境同位素222rn作为示踪剂,通过构建222rn质量平衡模型来评价胶州湾的海底地下水排泄,并进一步估算地下水输入的营养盐。222rn质量平衡模型的源项考虑了河流的输入、沉积物的扩散、母体226rA的支持,汇项考虑了222rn的自身衰变、222rn散逸到大气的损失以及与湾外海水的混合损失,源汇项的差值则作为地下水输入的222rn通量。结果表明,2011年9—10月胶州湾海底地下水排泄通量为24.2 l？M–2？d–1,2012年4—5月胶州湾海底地下水排泄通量为7.8 l？M–2？d–1。丰水季节地下水输入胶州湾的营养盐低于河流输入的,但是枯水季节地下水输入的营养盐接近河流输入的,特别是输入的活性磷酸盐和硅酸盐很接近。Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD), an important part of global water cycle, has recently been a research focus in the field of land-ocean interaction along the coastal zone.Geochemical tracing is a major tool to study submarine groundwater discharge.Taking natural occurring isotope 222 Rn as a tracer, the authors built 222 Rn mass balance model to estimate groundwater discharge to Jiaozhou Bay, and also evaluated the nutrient fluxes transported via groundwater.River input, dispersion of sediments, and support from parent 226 Ra are considered to be the sources of 222 Rn mass balance model, whereas radioactive decay, escape from sea-water interface to air and loss in mixing with the low activity water from open ocean are considered to be the sink of the model.Thus, the imbalance of budget from the model is attributed to submarine groundwater discharge.Calculations show that submarine groundwater discharge flux to Jiaozhou Bay was 24.2 L·m–2·d–1 from September to October in 2011, and 7.8 L·m–2·d–1 from April to May in 2014, respectively.The results of the study also indicate that the nutrient fluxes derived from groundwater during the wet season are lower than those transported by the local rivers, whereas the nutrient fluxes derived from groundwater during the dry season are close to those transported by the local rivers and, what is more, soluble reactive phosphate and silicate fluxes from both groundwater and river are very close to each other.国家自然科学基金项目(编号:41072174)资

Feeding ecology of sesarmid crabs in mangroves

相手蟹科物种是红树林湿地的主要底栖动物类群,在生态系统中起着重要的作用。我国大陆地区目前已记录的相手蟹科物种数量为12种,低于其它红树林地区(国内常用的采样方法会造成螃蟹物种数量和密度的低估),其中褶痕相手蟹(SESArMA PlICATA)、无齿相手蟹(S.dEAAnI)和双齿相手蟹(S.bIdEnS)等是常见种。红树植物叶片是相手蟹科动物的主要食物来源,相手蟹科动物通过地表摄食和洞穴贮存的形为消耗了大量的红树植物凋落叶,使这些凋落叶的有机质和营养元素得以保留在生态系统内,在凋落叶的周转和物质归还方面起到重要的作用。它们同时也摄食红树植物的繁殖体并且对不同物种的繁殖体具有摄食偏好,这可能对一些红树物种的植被更新能力和红树植被群落结构产生影响。相手蟹科动物对不同物种和不同状态的红树叶片也存在摄食偏好,通常对腐烂的叶片摄食偏好较强;螃蟹的摄食偏好与叶片的营养成份、粗纤维和单宁含量以及C/n比等性质有关;但在恶劣的野外环境下,螃蟹则会表现出随机性摄食。目前关于相手蟹科动物生态学作用的认识仍不充分,例如它们的种群大小和对凋落物的转化作用等,有待于进一步研究。Sesarmid crabs,common macro invertebrates in mangrove ecosystems,influence the structure and function of mangrove habitats through their burrowing activities and processing of leaf litter.A total of 12 sesarmid species have been recorded in mainland China,which may be an underestimate since more sesarmid species have been reported in Hong Kong and other tropical mangrove regions.( The reason for this underestimation could be due to the method commonly used to locate the crabs within mainland China.The most common method used is to place plot frame on the soil surface and simply dig to about 20—30 cm,and sift through the soil to locate crabs which could allow sesarmid crabs to escape deeper into the soil during the digging.) The most common sesarmid species in China are Sesarma plicata,S.deaani and S.bidens,while Neosarmatium meinerti is widely recorded in tropical areas of Australia and Kenya.Mangrove plant tissues,mainly leaves,are the main food source of sesarmid crabs,but crabs also feed on sediment detritus and faunal tissue to supplement the nutrient limited mangrove leaves.Some dietary specializations among different mangrove crabs have been recognized.Some crabs feed on only live leaves obtained by climbing into trees,while some species feed only on dead leaves on the mangrove floor.Crabs also have frequently been observed burying fallen mangrove leaves,to enhance leaf nutrition quality,prevent leaf litter from being removed by tidal flushing and avoid competition and predation when food or time available for collectingfood is limited,and predator abundance is high.The feeding preference of sesarmid crabs for mangrove leaves with different conditions or from different mangrove species also has been reported from the laboratory and the field research.For example,sesarmid crabs in China prefer leaves of Kandelia candel over those of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Aegiceras corniculatum.Leaf characteristics such as C /N ratio,tannin,water and crude fiber contents determine the feeding preferences.Generally,sesarmid crabs prefer decomposed leaves,ascribed to the decreased tannin content and C /N ratio,and increases in water during leaf decomposition.It also has been suggested that crabs need to consume more decomposed leaves to obtain adequate C and N since they have lower C and N assimilation rates from those leaves.Feeding preferences have been more often demonstrated in laboratory studies while some field studies have revealed a lack of selective feeding of different mangrove species.This is probably due to the environmental stresses in field like predation,limited feeding time,and limited food availability.The ability of sesarmid crabs to remove leaf litter has been studied frequently in the past decades,and crabs have been shown to consume a large proportion of annual leaf fall production,far in excess of the local production in some mangrove forests.The ability of crabs to remove litter seems to be stronger in tropical areas than in subtropical or warm temperate areas.In subtropical areas like China,removal of leaf litter is affected by temperature and showed significant seasonal variation.Not only sesarmid crabs but some snails( e.g.Terebralia palustris) and ocypodoid /grapsid crabs( e.g.Helograpsus haswellianus and Ucides cordatus) also have been reported to consume mangrove leaves.Direct grazing of leaf litter by crabs accounts for a small proportion of leaf litter removed from mangrove floor in China,while the stocking of leaves in crab burrows for later consumption is the key way by which leaf litter is retained in the ecosystem,preventing tidal export.Through shredding and grazing of leaf litter,crabs also initiate and enhance the breakdown of mangrove detritus and recycling of nutrients.Sesarmid crabs also have been found to graze mangrove propagules and seeds,thus play a critical role in determining seedling recruitment and vegetation regeneration.It also has been suggested that the predation preference on some non-dominant mangrove species regulates their distribution with the vegetation community.The feeding ecology of sesarmid crabs and its involvement of in mangrove restoration,their retention of C and nutrients in mangrove soils and predation of seeds /propagulse are worthy further studies.国家自然科学基金项目(41206108;41076049); 福建省自然科学基金项目(2011J05111); 海洋公益性行业科研专项项目(201205008

Application of Radon and Radium Isotopes in Estimating Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Areas

海底地下水排泄(Sgd)是海岸带陆海相互作用的一个重要的过程,其重要意义体现在它对海岸带水循环和地球化学循环的影响,以及它对沿岸海域生态环境的影响。国际上自从20世纪90年代中期开始系统研究海底地下水排泄以来,已经研究和开发出一整套较为完善的理论和方法,但Sgd的研究在我国才刚刚起步,相关报道极少见且缺乏不同方法的对比研究。目前,评价Sgd常用的方法有:渗流仪法、数值模拟法和地球化学示踪法。其中以氡和镭为代表的地球化学示踪法成为最具影响力的评价方法。该文详细介绍用氡和镭同位素评价Sgd的理论和方法及其适用条件。Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD) is recognized as an important land-sea interaction in the coastal zone,for it is volumetrically and chemically significant to coastal water and chemical budgets,and it may have an influence on coastal ecological environment.Since the mid 90′s,a set of relatively complete theories and methods has been developed and established due to the systematic researches on SGD internationally.However the study on SGD has just begun in China,its relevant report is rarely available and short of comparison experiments of different methods.The current methods for SGD estimation mainly include: seepage meter measurement,numerical simulation,geochemical tracing method.Among those methods,geochemical tracing method has become one of the most powerful methods,and radium and radon as the representative of geochemical tracers has been extensively used.The methods and applicable conditions of SGD estimation using radon and radium isotopes are introduced in detail.近岸海域的海底地下水排泄及其海洋生态环境效应研究(编号40672166);多种方法研究胶州湾的海底地下水排泄(编号41072174

关于“经济发展方式转变进程中的财税政策”的探讨(笔谈)

转变经济发展方式是当前中国的热门话题,而上海在城市发展中又肩负着率先转变的重要任务,在这一意义和背景下,2010年4月24日由上海金融学院学院主办、上海金融学院公共经济管理学院承办的“《中国城市财政发展报告2009/2010:促进‘两个中心’建设的上海城市财政》首发式暨‘经济发展方式转变进程中的财税政策’论坛“在我校举行。与会专家围绕经济发展方式转变进程中的财税政策的“趋势与目标“、“机遇和挑战“、“实施方略“和“地方实践“等四个专题进行研讨,各抒己见,智慧交锋。现将其真知灼见整理摘要与读者分享,以期待更多学者共同关注当前经济发展方式转变进程中的财税政策