The pruning and fruiting in vertical culture of melon(Cucumis melo L. var inodorous Naud) and the effect of NaCl on melon fruit quality

為生產高品質甜瓜，現今有於溫網室採用直立式整枝之栽培模式，增加單位面積產量且可提高果實品質與價格。本論文對黃皮洋香瓜於直立式栽培中整枝方式、留葉數、留果節位及利用NaCl調整養液濃度進行研究，建立黃皮洋香瓜直立式栽培管理技術。 ‘夏鳳’洋香瓜葉片生長二～三週其鮮乾重、葉面積、葉綠素及可溶性糖含量皆達最高，第10節葉片生長至五～六週後，葉綠素、可溶性糖含量及△Fv/Fm皆顯著下降葉片開始老化，第20節葉片生長五～六週則無此現象。果實生長以著果兩天至十四天為果實快速膨大期，果重已達1000 g以上，可溶性固形物以採收前兩週開始大量累積於果實中，果實成熟採收時可達13.7 oBrix以上。 比較‘金姑娘’及‘夏鳳’洋香瓜以直立式單、雙幹整枝與匍匐栽培，‘金姑娘’ 以匍匐栽培蔓長及葉面積顯著高於直立式栽培，分別為241.8 cm及6319 cm2，三種整枝栽培對‘夏鳳’植株生長無顯著影響，‘金姑娘’及‘夏鳳’之果實大小皆以匍匐栽培顯著最高，果重分別為1433.9及1728.6 g，‘金姑娘’單幹整枝果實可溶性固形物達15.7 °Brix顯著高於雙幹及匍匐式者，分別為15.0 °Brix、14.2 °Brix。於葉片受光及遮蔽情形，匍匐栽培著果上位葉對著果下位葉無顯著遮蔽影響，‘夏鳳’直立式栽培隨葉片節位提高PPFD及ETR顯著增加，著果上位葉對著果葉片有顯著遮蔽，下位葉片之PPFD及ETR分別減少500及80 μ mol m-2s-1。 ‘秋凰’、‘夏鳳’、‘金姑娘’及‘秋蜜’洋香瓜分別於著果節位上留9、12及15片葉摘心，其地上部株高、著果節位以上葉片總葉面積皆隨留葉數增加而顯著增加。果實糖度皆以著果節位上留12及15片葉表現最佳，‘秋凰’果實留葉數以12片葉處理，其果重與果肉厚度顯著最高，分別為738.3 g、2.90 cm；‘夏鳳’及‘金姑娘’果實重量皆以著果上留9片葉最佳，留12或15片葉次之；‘秋蜜’留葉數9及12片葉處理其果重分別為897.3、880.3 g，可溶性固形物分別達13.9、14.6 oBrix。‘秋凰’及‘秋蜜’洋香瓜果實生育期葉片之△Fv/Fm皆以留葉數12能維持在0.7左右。 ‘金姑娘’、‘夏鳳’、‘金蜜’及‘秋蜜’洋香瓜於母蔓第9、12及15節位之子蔓留果，留果節位上留12片葉摘心，四品種隨留果節位提高，植株高度增加，顯著增加定植至開花所需天數。果實大小除‘夏鳳’外，其餘三品種皆隨留果節位提高有顯著增加，‘金姑娘’以15節位留果有最佳果重、果長及果肉厚分別為1167.4 g、14.7 cm及3.47 cm顯著高於9及12節位留果者，果實糖度於處理間無顯著差異。‘金蜜’及‘秋蜜’變化趨勢與‘金姑娘’相同，‘夏鳳’以第9節位留果之果實大小顯著高於12及15節位留果者，但果實可溶性固形物以15節位留果處理顯著最高，達13.8 oBrix。‘金姑娘’及‘秋蜜’隨留果節位提高，葉片所接受到光強度越強，葉片碳水化合物含量顯著增加，以15節位留果著果上第十片葉所合成之可溶性糖含量顯著高於12及9者，三者分別為5.32、4.55及4.29 mg/g DW，此結果與果實大小成正相關。 ‘夏鳳’及‘金姑娘’洋香瓜於開花及著果15天後於養液加入不同NaCl濃度，EC值調整為2、5及8 dS m-1，‘夏鳳’以EC 2及開花期間EC 5之處理對植株生長不影響，‘金姑娘’洋香瓜則以EC 2及8處理下表現最差。兩品種葉片△Fv/Fm值皆以EC值處理越高越顯著下降，其中‘金姑娘’洋香瓜於開花期或著果後15天以EC 5澆灌下，對植株生長無造成顯著影響，但提高果實品質。著果上第十片葉葉綠素含量，兩品種皆以EC 8處理最低，分別為2.08及1.46 mg/g DW，植株生長也受到限制。果實可溶性固形物‘夏鳳’洋香瓜以EC 8處理可稍提高至13.8 oBrix，與對照組13.2 oBrix差異不顯著，‘金姑娘’洋香瓜以EC 8及開花期EC 5處理可溶性固形物顯著提高至15.4及16.0 oBrix。 以本研究養液條件供給下，四品種洋香瓜以‘金姑娘’黃皮洋香瓜於直立式栽培表現較為穩定，以單、雙幹整枝、著果上留12片葉、母蔓上第12～15節位留果及開花著果階段將養液濃度以NaCl調整為EC 5澆灌下，可穩定生產最佳品質之果實。藉由洋香瓜品種、整枝方式，觀察植株生長情形與果實大小及糖度，在測定葉片光合作用相關數據，瞭解直立式栽培下，品種選擇標準及影響生理表現可能因素，建立黃皮洋香瓜直立式栽培整枝模式。For the production of high-quality melons, growing plants in an insect-proof greenhouse using a vertical cultivation system and supplementing with nutrient solution, This study investigated the factors that may improve melon quality and production, including the pruning method, number of leaves to be retained, location of the fruit setting position, and use of NaCl to adjust the concentration of the nutrient solution. In 2-3 weeks, the total leaf growth of the ‘Summer Phoenix' muskmelon had the highest fresh dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content. In 5-6 weeks, the 10th leaf growth showed a significant reduction in chlorophyll, soluble sugar content and △Fv/Fm, while the 20th leaf growth did not exhibit this phenomenon. From 2-14 days after fruit setting, the fruits showed rapid enlargement, and the fruit weight reached more than 1000 g. Two weeks before harvest, the total soluble solids increased greatly in the fruits, reaching above 13.7 °Brix in mature fruit. Comparing the growth of ‘Golden Lady' and ‘Summer Phoenix' muskmelons using different cultivation methods, including vertical one-branch pruning, vertical two- branch pruning or creeping cultivation, the results showed that the ‘Golden Lady' under creeping cultivation had a significantly greater plant height and leaf area (241.8 cm and 6319 cm2, respectively) than that cultivated vertically. The three cultivation methods had no differing effects on plant growth for the ‘Summer Phoenix' melon. Creeping cultivation resulted in the greatest fruit size for both ‘Golden Lady' and ‘Summer Phoenix', which was 1433.9 g and 1728.6 g, respectively. ‘Golden Lady' with vertical one-branch pruning cultivation had a total soluble solids of 15.7 °Brix, which was higher than that produced by vertical two-branch pruning or creeping cultivation (15.0 and 14.2 °Brix, respectively). In terms of shade, at the fruit position, the upper leaves had no significant shading effect on the lower leaves with the creeping cultivation method, while for the ‘Summer Phoenix' with the vertical cultivation methods, the PPFD and ETR increased significantly with leaf node position. This suggest that the upper leaves had a shading effect on the lower leaves, and the PPFD and ETR of the lower leaves decreased by 500 and 80 μmol m-2s-1, respectively. To compare the effects of different trimming methods on fruit growth, ‘Autumn Phoenix', ‘Summer Phoenix', ‘Golden Lady' and ‘Autumn Sweet' muskmelons were used different trimming methods that left 9, 12 or 15 leaves remaining above the fruit set position, with the branch topped. The results showed that the plant height and the total leaf area of the leaves above the fruit set position both increased with an increasing number of leaves remaining above the fruit set position. The plants with 12 or 15 leaves remaining above the fruit set position had the highest sugar content. ‘Autumn Phoenix' with 12 leaves remaining exhibited a significantly higher fruit weight and flesh thickness, at 738.3 g and 2.90 cm, respectively. ‘Summer Phoenix' and ‘Golden Lady' had the best fruit growth with 9 leaves remaining, followed by 12 and 15 leaves remaining. For ‘Autumn Sweet' with 12 and 15 leaves remaining above each fruiting node, the fruit weight was 897.3g and 880.3 g and the total soluble solids was 13.9 and 14.6 °Brix, respectively. During the fruit growth period, ‘Autumn Phoenix' and ‘Autumn Sweet' muskmelons with 12 leaves remaining above each fruiting node maintained a higher △Fv/Fm, which was around 0.7. To compare the effect of fruit set position on fruit growth, using ‘Golden Lady', ‘Summer Phoenix', ‘Golden Honey' and ‘Autumn Sweet' muskmelon plants, the fruit setting position on the primary branch was kept at node 9, 12 or 15, retaining 12 leaves above the nodes. The plant height of all four cultivars increased as the fruit set position increased, significantly increasing the number of days from planting to flowering. With the exception of ‘Summer Phoenix', the fruit size increased with increasing fruit set position in all 3 cultivars. With the fruit set position at node 15, ‘Golden Lady' had the highest fruit weight, length and flesh thickness, of 1167.4 g, 14.7 cm and 3.47 cm, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those resulting from a fruit set position at nodes 9 and 12, while the fruit sugar content did not differ significantly between different fruit set positions. ‘Golden Honey' and ‘Autumn Sweet' had similar results to those for ‘Golden Lady'. However, ‘Summer Phoenix' with the fruit set position at node 9 had the largest fruit size, while with the fruit set position at node 15, it had a higher total soluble solids of 13.8 °Brix. In ‘Golden Lady' and ‘Autumn Sweet', as the fruit set position increased, the carbohydrate content in the leaves increased. The soluble sugar level synthesized by the 10th leaf of the plant with the fruit set position at node 15 was higher than that of plants with the fruit set position at nodes 12 and 9, which was 5.32, 4.55 and 4.29 mg/g DW, respectively. The results were positively correlated with fruit size. To investigate the effect of the concentration of the nutrient solution, the EC value of the nutrient solution was adjusted to 2, 5 and 8 ds m-1 (EC 2, 5 and 8) using NaCl, and the solutions were used to treat ‘Summer Phoenix' and ‘Golden Lady' muskmelon plants during the period of flowering to 15 days after fruit setting. In ‘Summer Phoenix', The plant growth was not affected by EC 2 and EC 5 treated during the flowering period. In ‘Golden Lady', The plant growth of EC 2 and EC 8 treatment was poor. In both cultivars, the leaf △Fv/Fm decreased as the EC value of the nutrient solution increased. EC5 treatment had no effect on the plant growth of ‘Golden Lady' during flowering or 15 days after fruit setting, while the treatment did improve the fruit quality. EC 8 treatment reduced the chlorophyll content of the 10th leaf above the fruit set position in both cultivars, the values being 2.08 and 1.46 mg/g DW, respectively. In terms of fruit total soluble solids, EC 8 treatment increased the content of the ‘Summer Phoenix' muskmelon to 13.8 °Brix, which did not differ significantly from that of the control, at 13.2 °Brix. In addition, EC 8 treatment and flowering-period EC 5 treatment significantly increased the total soluble solids of ‘Golden Lady' to 15.4 and 16.0 °Brix, respectively. In conclusion, analysis of leaf photosynthesis revealed the selection criteria for a suitable cultivar, showing the factors that might affect physiological performance. Among the 4 cultivars, when vertical one or two-branch pruning methods were used, 12 leaves were retained above the fruit setting position, the fruit setting position was maintained at nodes 12-15 on the primary branch, and the nutrient solution was adjusted to EC 5 with NaCl, For producing the fruit with the highest quality.壹、中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………i 貳、英文摘要……………………………………………………………………………iii 參、前言…………………………………………………………………………………1 肆、前人研究 一、洋香瓜之概述及生育習性……………………………………………………2 二、洋香瓜開花結果習性及整枝栽培……………………………………………2 三、葉片光合作用能力……………………………………………………………3 四、果實生長發育及糖分累積……………………………………………………5 五、水分管理及袋耕養液栽培……………………………………………………6 六、鹽分處理對洋香瓜植株生育及果實品質影響………………………………7 伍、材料方法 一、黃皮洋香瓜直立式栽培葉片壽命及果實生育調查………………………12 二、不同整枝方法對洋香瓜光合作用、植株生育及果實品質之影響………14 三、留葉數及留果節位對洋香瓜直立式栽培植株生育及果實品質之影響…15 四、鹽分(NaCl)濃度處理對洋香瓜植株生育及果實品質之影響……………15 陸、結果 一、黃皮洋香瓜直立式栽培葉片壽命及果實生育調查………………………17 二、不同整枝方法對洋香瓜光合作用，植株生育及果實品質之影響………18 三、留葉數及留果節位對洋香瓜直立式栽培植株生育及果實品質之影響…21 四、鹽分(NaCl)濃度處理對洋香瓜植株生育及果實品質之影響……………25 柒、討論 一、黃皮洋香瓜直立式栽培葉片壽命及果實生育性狀調查…………………50 二、整枝栽培方式對洋香瓜葉片光合作用，植株生育及果實品質之影響…51 (一)整枝方式對植株生長及果實品質之影響……………………………51 (二)直立式及匍匐式栽培下葉片遮蔽及光能接收有效利用情形………52 三、留葉數及留果節位對洋香瓜直立式栽培植株生育及果實品質之影響…53 (一)留葉數對洋香瓜植株生長及果實品質之影響………………………53 (二)留果節位對洋香瓜植株生長及果實品質之影響……………………54 (三)果實生育中期及後期葉片碳水化合物含量與果實品質之關係……55 (四)留葉數及留果節位對洋香瓜葉片葉綠素螢光光合作用產量影響…56 四、鹽分(NaCl)處理對洋香瓜植株生育及果實品質之影響…………………56 捌、參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………5

JUNO Sensitivity on Proton Decay p→νˉK+p\to \bar\nu K^+ Searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this paper, the potential on searching for proton decay in $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits to suppress the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ is 36.9% with a background level of 0.2 events after 10 years of data taking. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel

JUNO sensitivity on proton decay p → ν K + searches*

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this study, the potential of searching for proton decay in the $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated. The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits suppression of the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ is 36.9% ± 4.9% with a background level of $0.2\pm 0.05({\rm syst})\pm$$0.2({\rm stat})$ events after 10 years of data collection. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years of exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, which is competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel and complements the use of different detection technologies