Utility and Justice——A Research upon Critique of the Utilitarianism

功利主义思想中关于功利与正义的关系问题是一个复杂而尖锐的问题，也是一个亘古常新的问题。功利主义作为具有划时代意义的思想，在饱受赞誉与追捧的同时，对它的批评与非议也没有停息过。其中，正如密尔所言“功利主义遇到的最大挑战就是来自正义”。我写作此文的唯一的目的是为功利主义做具体的辩解，澄清对功利主义的误解，既而探讨解决功利与正义的可能进路。 文章分为三个部分，第一部分是对功利主义主要思想作一般性的论述，包括功利主义历史溯源、发展与流派、两种功利主义区分、道德理想以及边沁与密尔对功利、权利与正义的阐释等，综述功利主义的基本概况，分析导致对功利主义误解的主要原因，进而为写作下文做铺垫。 文章的第二个...The relationship between utility and justice in the field of Utilitarianism thought has been always a complex and penetrating question which also brings endless discussions. Though utilitarianism does embrace its epoch-making significance, it still suffers from reproach and critique which, proved by Mill’s words "the biggest challenge for Utilitarianism is justice". I did this essay to defend Util...学位：哲学硕士院系专业：人文学院_伦理学学号：1042011115220

On the Influences of Cultural Tradition on the Process of the Nationwide Fitness Programs in China

文化传统与全民健身进程存在着非常密切的关系,我国是有着深厚文化传统的国家,在目前全民健身计划推行十余年的关键发展期,必须关注文化传统在这一进程中的深刻影响。通过研究发现,影响全民健身进程主要包括三个层面:物质层面、制度层面、意识层面;文化传统对全民健身进程的影响,也主要表现在对这三个主要层面产生作用,并最终影响到全民健身进程的快慢、突破口、发展模式、完成质量和项目特点等。There are very close relationship between the nationwide fitness programs process and the cultural tradition,because China is the country with a long history of cultural tradition.At present the Whole-Peop1e Health-Building Plan is on the key phase after carrying out it for more than ten years.Therefore,we must pay close attention to the deep influences of the cultural tradition in this process.Through the research,we find three aspects mainly restraining the nationwide fitness programs process: material aspect,system aspect,and consciousness aspect.The impacts of the cultural tradition on nationwide fitness programs process display on these three main aspects,and at last influence the speed,breach,development mode,quality and project characteristics of the nationwide fitness programs process

Assessing ecological risks of different valence states of Cr to marine organisms by species sensitivity distributions

应用生态风险评价中的物种敏感性分布(SSd)方法构建了3种不同形态(Cr、Cr3+、Cr6+)的重金属Cr对海洋生物的SSd曲线。在此基础上计算了3种形态的Cr对不同海洋生物的5%危害浓度(HC5)和其不同暴露浓度对海洋生物的潜在影响比例(PAf),比较了海洋脊椎动物和无脊椎动物对不同形态的重金属Cr的敏感性以及不同形态的Cr的急性生态风险,并且评价了两个港湾海水水体中常见形态的重金属Cr的联合生态风险。结果表明,3种形态的重金属Cr的HC5的大小顺序为Cr3+>Cr6+>Cr。浓度小于10μg/l时,Cr、Cr3+、Cr6+三者生态风险差异不大,且都处于相对较低的水平。在10μg/l的暴露浓度下,三者所影响的海洋生物比例均未超过5%。随着浓度升高,生态风险也相应增大。当浓度达到1 000μg/l时,分别有23.43%,13.73%和17.27%的物种受到Cr、Cr3+、Cr6+的损害,此时三者的生态风险差异也比低浓度时有所增大。当不同形态的重金属Cr浓度在不同的范围时,不同生物的敏感性大小顺序会发生变化。三种形态的重金属对无脊椎动物的生态风险均比脊椎动物(本文即指鱼类)大。两个海湾水体重金属生态风险的大小顺序为宁德海域(0.66%)>福清海域(0.63%)。Species sensitivity distributions(SSD) method was used to assess the ecological risk of three valence states of Cr(Cr,Cr3+,Cr6+) to marine organisms.The acute toxicity data(LC50 or EC50) were collected from ECOTOX database and SSD curves were fitted based on BurrIII and ReWeibull function.The acute ecological risks of different valence states of Cr and the sensitivity of different marine species(vertebrate and invertebrate) to these different valence states of Cr were compared by the hazardous concentrations for 5% of the species(HC5) and the potential affected fractions(PAF).Then the HC5 values of these different valence states of Cr were in the order:Cr3+> Cr6+> Cr.When exposure concentration was lower than 10 μg/L,no significant differences among the ecological risks of Cr,Cr3+ and Cr6+ was observed.Also,none of these four observations exceeded the threshold of 5%(PAF) at the exposure level of 10 μg/L.The ecological risks of the heavy metals increased as the exposure concentration increased.When came up to 1 000 μg/L,23.43%,13.73% and 17.27% of marine species would be affected by Cr,Cr3+ and Cr6+,respectively.The order of sensitivity to marine species varied with different concentration of heavy metals.The ecological risk of all these three valence states of Cr to invertebrate was higher than to fishes.The case studies showed that the ecological risk of different valence states of Cr in the Seas of Ningde was higher than that in the Seas of Fuqing.国家自然科学基金资助项目(31101902); 国家海洋局青年海洋科学基金资助项目(2011143); 海洋公益性行业科研专项经费资助(201105015); 福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2012J05074); 国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(海三科2011006

Assessing ecological risks of heavy metals to marine organisms in the Jiulongjiang Estuary by species sensitivity distribution

采用物种敏感性分布法(SSd)构建常见重金属元素对海洋生物的SSd曲线,结合九龙江口水体5、8、11月份21个站位重金属调查数据,计算了九龙江口7种重金属(AS,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb,zn)不同暴露浓度对海洋生物的潜在影响比例(PAf),并分析了在相应站位重金属复合污染生态风险(MSPAf)。结果表明,7种重金属中AS的生态风险最大(即PAf值最高);时间尺度上,5月份总的MSPAf较其他月份稍高;空间尺度上,西溪至海门岛(1~7号站位)污染较严重,其中又以位于西溪和玉枕洲的2号和5号站位的MSPAf为最。In the present work,a species sensitivity distribution( SSD) method was used to assess the ecological risk of common heavy metals to marine organisms.The ecological risk was characterized by potentially affected fraction( PAF) of species in relation to concentration of the toxic materials.According to the investigation data obtained at 21 stations in the Jiulongjiang Estuary in May,August and November,the PAFs of seven heavy metals( As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg, Pb,and Zn) to marine organisms were calculated.The results showed that As had the highest PAF among the seven heavy metals at each station of the Jiulongjiang Estuary.Spatially,the multi-substance PAF( msPAF) in May was higher than in other months.Temporally,the msPAF of the Stations 1-7( from the Xixi Stream to the Haimen Isle of the Jiulongjiang Estuary) suffered from heavier pollution.In particular,the pollution status of the Station 2 and Station 5 was the most serious among all the investigated stations.海洋公益性行业科研经费专项(201105015); 国家海洋局青年海洋科学基金项目(2011143); 国家自然科学基金项目(31101902); 福建省自然科学基金项目(2012J05074); 国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项(海三科2011006)资

Photo-generated dinuclear {Eu(II)}2 active sites for selective CO2 reduction in a photosensitizing metal-organic framework

利用太阳光驱动CO2还原不仅可降低大气中CO2浓度，而且可以生成重要的化工原料，是缓解气候变暖和开发新能源的理想途径之一。然而如何制备高效光催化剂将CO2高选择性地转化为高附加值的化学产品极具挑战性。课题组巧妙地将具有催化活性的稀土簇合物与光敏配体组装在一起，合成了具有大孔结构的稀土Eu-Ru(phen)3-MOF催化剂，实现了可见光驱动的CO2到甲酸盐的高效选择性转化。研究表明，该材料光催化生成甲酸盐的反应速率可达到321.9 μmol h−1 mmolMOF−1，这是至今为止报道的光催化还原CO2转化为甲酸盐活性最高的MOFs催化剂。 该项研究工作由博士生闫志浩完成，博士生杜明浩参与部分表征工作；中国科学院大连化学物理研究所金盛烨研究员、刘俊学博士在瞬态光谱表征中给予了支持；我校化学化工学院汪骋教授在数据分析过程中给予大量帮助；理论计算由浙江工业大学庄桂林副教授完成。【Abstract】Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 is a promising approach to achieve solar-to-chemical energy conversion. However, traditional catalysts usually suffer from low efficiency, poor stability, and selectivity. Here we demonstrate that a large porous and stable metal-organic framework featuring dinuclear Eu(Ⅲ)2 clusters as connecting nodes and Ru(phen)3 -derived ligands as linkers is constructed to catalyze visible-light-driven CO2 reduction. Photo-excitation of the metalloligands initiates electron injection into the nodes to generate dinuclear {Eu(Ⅱ)} 2 active sites, which can selectively reduce CO2 to formate in a two-electron process with a remarkable rate of 321.9μmolh −1 mmol MOF −1 . The electron transfer from Ru metalloligands to Eu(Ⅲ)2 catalytic centers are studied via transient absorption and theoretical calculations, shedding light on the photocatalytic mechanism. This work highlights opportunities in photo- generation of highly active lanthanide clusters stabilized in MOFs, which not only enables efficient photocatalysis but also facilitates mechanistic investigation of photo-driven charge separation processes.We are grateful for the financial support from the 973 project (Grant 2014CB845601) of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants no. 21422106, 21673184, 21431005, 21721001, and 21390391) and the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation (151013). We thank Dr. Wen-Ming Qin and the staffs from the BL17B beamline of National Center for Protein Sciences Shanghai at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for assistance during data collection; we also thank Miss Ying-Zi Han for helpful measurement on ESI-MS. We also gratefully acknowledge Mr Xuefu Hu for helpful measurement on time-resolved PL and Miss Rong Chen for her assistance on CV measurement and analysis. 研究工作得到科技部（项目批准号：2014CB845601）、国家自然科学基金委（项目批准号：21422106、21673184、21431005、21721001、21390391）、教育部霍英东基金会青年教师基金（项目批准号：151013）等资助

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

同类相知与异类相知及其现实意义；悲情与孤傲——庄周“情”论

厦门大学图书馆“人文社科实验室” “学会活动”（43）哲学系硕博学术沙龙（51） 博士沙龙：主持人邓龙九（2012级博士生外国哲学专业） 标题：同类相知与异类相知及其现实意义 主讲人：葛玉海（2012级博士生科学技术哲学专业) 内容： 同类相知和异类相知是由古希腊恩培多克勒和阿那克萨戈拉分别提出的认识原则。它们起初主要用于解释感觉的生成，后又扩展到理智和真理领域。主讲人将详细介绍这一扩展过程，并对同类异类的划分标准、同类相知和异类相知的关系、两原则各自前提和共同前提及两原则的现实意义进行深入阐述。 硕士沙龙：主持人王超（2011级硕士生中国哲学专业） 标题：悲情与孤傲——庄周“情”论 主讲人：杜建林（2011级硕士生伦理学专业） 内容： “情”作为中国哲学最基本的范畴之一，在《庄子》中出现的频率远高于同时或之前的典籍。学术界对庄周“情”的解读众说纷纭，甚至出现了截然相反的观点。回溯历史，宏观透视，廓清庄子的“情”，是深入认识庄子哲学思想的关键。主讲人通过对庄周“情”论的探讨试图为我们还原一个真实的庄子：他孤独傲然，他悲悯至情，他就是情种庄周。 时间：2013年3月23日（周六），下午3点 地点：厦门大学图书馆323 区域研究资料中

On the Chinese Wushu Culture

技击性和文化性是支撑中国武术生存和发展的坚实基础。近年来,针对武术技击性的探索较多,然而,在武术文化性的研究方面却显的比较欠缺。为此,文章从文化学的视角对武术文化性进行把握;从物质层面、制度层面、精神层面对广义武术文化的层次进行区分;从历史性、国度性、民族性对武术文化的发展脉络进行梳理等,是当前探索武术文化性的起点和基础。Fighting and culture essence are the solid foundation of Chinese Wushu development.In the late years,more concern is on the fighting skills of Wushu,but less is on the culture of Wushu.From the cultural view point to study the culture of Wushu and sort it from the aspect of material level,institution level and spiritual level,the paper combs the development lines from history,nationality and country views to explore the starting point and foundation of Chinese Wushu

On the Protection of Chinese Wushu Culture

中国武术文化是中国传统体育文化的主要代表,具有显著的民族特色和时代价值。近代以来,中国武术文化遭受西方体育文化强势、实用主义、功利主义等各方面的冲击,面临着生存危机。中国武术文化的保护,成为一项迫切的研究课题和现实任务。当前,必须合理制定武术的发展模式,对武术文化遗产进行明确的定位,构建完整的武术文化保护理论体系。这是武术文化保护的工作全面展开的基础,也是促进中国武术发展的必然选择。Chinese Wushu(martial arts) culture is an outstanding component of traditional Chinese sports culture,possessing a distinctive national character and high historical value.In the past two centuries,Chinese Wushu culture(CWC) has been confronted with serious crises due to challenges arising from the hegemony of Western sports culture,utilitarianism,etc.This paper argues that protecting Chinese Wushu culture is a task of high priority.It is time to formulate proper models of development for CWC and clearly define the heritage of CWC and theorize about the protection of CWC.This is the foundation upon which protecting CWC can be materialized and it is an inevitable choice for promoting CWC development

Discussion of Passive Protection on Wushu Culture

在文化遗产的保护与抢救工作中,消极保护是一种极为重要的保护措施,对于武术文化的全面保护尤其具有重要意义。然而,在当前对武术的继承和发展的研究中,对此却极少提及。因此,应该在了解武术文化消极保护的历史及现状的基础上,系统分析消极保护在武术发展中的作用,并研究实施武术消极保护的具体措施。During the protection and saving of cultural heritage,passive protection was one of the important protection measures,especially for Wushu cultur.However,in the research of inherit and development on Wushu,the concept of passive protection has seldom mentioned.Based on the understanding on current condition and history of passive protection on Wushu culture,we should analyze systemically on function of passive protection in Wushu development,and study the concrete measures in order to promote the healthy and sustainable development of Wushu