Bending Strength of Pre-Compressed Lumber from Sugi (Cryptomenia japonica D. Don) and Karamatsu (Larix Leptolepis Gord)

Article信州大学工学部紀要 73: 49-56 (1993)departmental bulletin pape

ニホンゴ ノウリョク シケン ブンポウ ノ モンダイ コウモク ブンセキ テイル ノ トワレカタ ト コンナンド トノ カンケイ ニツイテ

日本語能力試験「文法」の問題項目を設定する際、ターゲット、錯乱枝ともにそのレベル相当の文法項目を用いていれば、常にそのレベル相当の問題項目になるとはいえない。例えば、「動詞のテイル形」は、日本語能力試験「文法」の「出題基準」で4級の文法項目とされている。しかし、過去23年分のテイルの問題項目について分析データを参照したところ、4級では難しい問題項目、さらには、3級でも難しい問題項目が見られた。詳しく分析を行ってみると、級ごとに困難度の上がる要因のあることがわかった。具体的には、シカを絡めて問うと4級では難しく、テアル、テオク、自動詞・他動詞、マダ、ガル、タガルを絡めて問うと3級でも難しい問題項目になる。このように、4級の文法項目でも、問い方によって難易度が異なる。文法項目自体のレベル設定だけでなく、問い方によるレベル設定にも留意することで、受験者の能力を的確に測ることができるのではないかと考える。If both targets and distractors use a grammatical item according to the corresponding level when questions for The Japanese-Language Proficiency Test(JLPT)”Grammar” section are set, it doesn’t necessarily mean that the question will always correspond to the level. For instance, ”verb + TEIRU” is assumed to be a grammatical item for Level 4 according to the ”Standard for setting questions” in JLPT’s ”Grammar” section. However, when analysis data over the last 23 years for “verb + TEIRU” was referred to, it became obvious that questions were difficult for not only Level 4 but even for Level 3. After carefully analyzing this situation, it is clear that there is an element involved that raises the degree of difficulty at each level. Specifically, when combined with “SHIKA, ” questions are difficult for Level 4 ; when asking questions combined with “TEARU, ” “TEOKU, ” intransitive verbs, transitive verbs, “MADA,” “GARU” and “TAGARU, ” questions are even difficult for Level 3. In this way, the degree of difficulty differs depending on the way a question is asked even for Level 4 grammatical items. Test takers’ ability should be able to be measured accurately by keeping in mind both the level setting for individual grammatical items as well as the level setting for the way questions are asked

X-Ray Study of Temperature and Abundance Profiles of the Cluster of Galaxies Abell 1060 with Suzaku

We carried out observations of the central and 20' east offset regions of the cluster of galaxies Abell 1060 with Suzaku. Spatially resolved X-ray spectral analysis has revealed temperature and abundance profiles of Abell 1060 out to 27' ~ 380; /h_70 kpc, which corresponded to ~ 0.25; r_180. Temperature decrease of the intra cluster medium from 3.4 keV at the center to 2.2 keV in the outskirt region are clearly observed. Abundances of Si, S and Fe also decrease by more than 50% from the center to the outer, while Mg shows fairly constant abundance distribution at ~ 0.7 solar within r < 17'. O shows lower abundance of ~ 0.3 solar in the central region (r~ 6'), and indicates a similar feature with Mg, however it is sensitive to the estimated contribution of the Galactic components of kT_1 ~ 0.15 keV and kT_2 ~ 0.7 keV in the outer annuli (r ~ 13'). Systematic effects due to the point spread function tails, contamination on the XIS filters, instrumental background, cosmic and/or Galactic X-ray background, and the assumed solar abundance tables are carefully examined. Results on temperature and abundances of Si, S, and Fe are consistent with those derived by XMM-Newton at r < 13'. Formation and metal enrichment process of the cluster are discussed based on the present results.Comment: 20 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in PAS