短大教養としての化学熱力学の取扱い方(一般教養関係)

Recently in several books of biology or biochemistry published with the object for popular knowledge of natural science, we often find that the conception of the modern thermodynamics based on statistical mechanics is included. But at high school in our country, we do not relate to the thermodynamics, so the author tried to lecture on it at Junior College course. when it is lectured not in technical course, but for the object for the culture of general student, it must be noticed that the lecture is possibly held within the range of the knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology which have been learned at high school. Instead of a mathematical or abstract method, therefor, a concrete explanation and such a method as explained gradually based on "Entropy" are suitable, and by means of such an explanation the student will be able to understand the foundamental conception of both the modern thermodynamics and the classical and have a higher order\u27s observation on nature

タンパク質の疎水結合に存在する可逆性について

Protein has a hydrophobic surface within its molecule, therefor the protein molecule dissolved in water is always being pressed by water; that is the Hydrophobic-Bond of Protein. The molecular structure of native protein naturally unfastens and comes loose in water, physically and chemically, and becomes consequently to an equilibrium with water. And in this degeneration process, there are an irreversible factor that is entropic, and a reversible one that is simply based on the thermal movements both of water and of protein molecule. In this study, by measuring the viscosity of thick gelatin solution, it was proved approximately that the protein molecule, which is nearly become to the state of equilibrium with the free energy of water by its internal thermal movement, can be reversed by means of thermal or electric effect

The static quark potential in full QCD

We report results on the static quark potential in two-flavor full QCD. The calculation is performed for three values of lattice spacing $a^{-1}\approx 0.9, 1.3$ and 2.5 GeV on $12^3{\times}24, 16^3{\times}32$ and $24^3{\times}48$ lattices respectively, at sea quark masses corresponding to $m_\pi/m_\rho \approx 0.8-0.6$. An RG-improved gauge action and a tadpole-improved SW clover quark action are employed. We discuss scaling of $m_{\rho}/\sqrt{\sigma}$ and effects of dynamical quarks on the potential.Comment: LATTICE98(spectrum), 3 pages, 4 figure

直流による蛋白質疎水結合の回復

It would be possible to assume that the senility of living individuals comes from very minute denaturation on each protein of all kinds, that is enzme, nucleus and membrane etc. which organize the cell. Then it would be able to infer that each living individuals must be bound with 2nd Law and be within closed system, not the opened, as generally natural chemical phenomena obey the Law. In aqueous solutjon the velocity of catalitic action by inorganic or metalic ions (e. g. by Cu^ to H_2 O_2 decomposition) is enhanced when the concntration of NaCl in the soluion is increased. This experimental result suggests that the active center in an enzyme will be activated by the protein, which occupies the most part of enzyme and has inside itself the numerous plus and minus fixed ions. And it is suggested that in aqueous solution the fixed ions held in the protein of enzyme will make up dense electrostatic field which is resemble to the field made by all kinds of chemical ligands around metal ion. And then, if the hydrophobic-bond of protein, especially of enzyme, would become slack by some condition or cause, it is possible to presume that the activity of the protein will diminish owing to decreasing the density of fixed ions inside the molecules. During the research of paper electrophoresis, it happened to be found that the fraction of amino-acids contracts by direct current when the pH of the electrolyte in paper comes near to the amino-acid\u27s isoelectric point. Standing upon this electrical phenomenon, the protein which is the same amphoteric electrolyte as amino-acids must contract itself by D. C.. Therefor in this study the effect caused by D. C. to the hydrophobic-bond of proteins was researched and discussed. Simple gelatine solution decreases its viscosity when it is electrified by D. C., and this effect means that each gelatine molecule contracts itself as expected of abovementioned phenomenon. The activity of α-amylase diminishes when it was put into the rich gelatine solution, and the cause of which is conjectured as owing to slackening of the enzyme\u27s hydrophobic-bond. High concentratin of protein is supposed as it weakens the potential energy of aqueous molecule and becomes the cause of the slackeing of amylase. In conclusion, when the compound solution of 10% gelatine and 0.02% α-amylase was electrified and the viscosity of the solution decreased as well as simple gelatine solution, the recovery of hydrophbic-bond of amylase is expected comming from the increase of aqua\u27s potential which is accompanied with contracting of gelatine. But at the present condition the revival of α-amylase by D. C. is not yet observed except only one case using one kind of coarse gelatine

直流・脈流によるゾーリムシの細胞賦活に関する実験的研究

From a viewpoint to research on the longevity of an organism, the authors considered an organism to be a thermodynamical closed system. As far as we have this viewpoint, the longevity of an organism has relation to the second law of the thermodynamics on entropy increase and when this law is operated reversely, it is possible for the longevity of an organism to be unlimited. Now suppose that a protein developed into a unicellular and the latter has completed a systematic evolution, the beginning of our study is Paramecium caudatum. This study follows the preceding report by Imura and Washizuka, "contraction phenomenon on protein by direct current (puls. current) (1965, 1966)". Paramecium caudatum which we used as the material in our experiments has a connection with "the problem on the endless living theory of unicellular" by Woodruff (1911), Calkins (1913), and Sonneborn (1954). Therefore Paramecium caudatum is very interesting to us. The experimental studies on Paramecium caudatum were done as follows. I. In the pre-experiments 1. The test method by Inewara (rice plant hay) medium 2. The fission and the longevity of Paramecium caudatum at different temperatures II. In the main experiments Cell vitality phenomenon of Paramecium caudatum by direct current and pulsating current 1. Test method of slide glass (SG method) 2. Test method of hall slide glass (HS method) The results of pre-experiments (1) Paramecium caudatum were cultivated in Inewara infussion. Water (water 50cc/1g Inewara) was boiled for 30 minutes and after this several Inenwaras were added to the Inewara infussion. The opening of the test tube was covered with a piece of paraphine paper. This medium was flourished with food bacteria, Bacillus subtilus. We used this medium in our experiments two days after it had been made. (2) At higher temperatures than 20℃, the fission of Paramecium caudatum was active. On the contrary, at lower temperatures than 20℃, the fission rate is low. The shorter the population longevity becomes, the lower the temperature is and the longer the former becomes, the higher the latter is. The experimental results of the main experiments are as follows. (3) In this experiment the difference between cell vitality phenomenon of Paramecium caudatum by pulsating current and that of Paramecium caudatum by direct current, was seen and also the phenomenon that alternating current treatment obstructs this species was made clear (Table 5-10). When the fission rate of control is 1, that rate of Paramecium caudatum by pulsating current treatment is 1.3 (mean) in SG method, and is 1.1 (mean) in HS method. On the other hand, by direct current treatment, it is 0.8 (mean) in SG method and is 1.0 (mean) in HS method. The fission rate of Paramecium caudatum by alternating current is 0.8 (mean) in SG method and is 0.9 (mean) in HS method. The results of these experiments are shown in Fig.3 and Fig.8 and they are summarized as follows. When the fission rate of control is l and it is shown as 45°line, most of the points by pulsating current treatment are above the line (about 80%). The points by direct current treatment are near the 45°line, and also the points by alternating current treatment are under the 45°line (about 68%). Judging from this phenomenon, alternating current treatment seems to work as an adverse effect to Paramecium caudatum. Through above experiments, cell vitality phenomenon by pulsating current was made clear. So we want to research on these problems in more systematically evolved organisms

PROPOSAL OF UNILATERAL SINGLE-FLUX-QUANTUM LOGIC GATE

A new type of single flux quantum logic gate is proposed, which can perform unilateral propagation of signal without using three-phase clock. This gate is designed to be built with bridge-type Josephson junctions. A basic logic gate consists of two one-junction interferometers coupled by superconducting interconnecting lines, and the logical states are represented by zero or one quantized fluxoid in one of one-junction interferometers. The bias current of the unequal magnitude to each of the two one-junction interferometers results in unilateral signal flow. By adjusting design parameters such as the ratio of the critical current of Josephson junctions and the inductances, circuits with the noise immunity of greater than 50% with respect to the bias current have been designed. Three cascaded gates were modeled and simulated on a computer, and the unilateral signal flow was confirmed. The simulation also shows that a switching delay about 2 picoseconds is feasible

Probing interlayer interactions between graphene and metal substrates by supersonic rare-gas atom scattering

We demonstrate that highly surface-sensitive supersonic rare-gas (He, Ar, and Xe) atom scattering, in both the quantum and classical regimes, can probe and quantify the interlayer interactions between graphene monolayers and metal substrates in terms of the Debye temperature corresponding to the surface normal vibration, and the surface effective mass. As models of the strongly and weakly interacting graphene, we investigated two systems, graphene on Ru(0001) and Pt(111), respectively. The experimental data for Ar and Xe are compared with the results from theoretical simulations based on the classical smooth surface model. For gr/Pt(111) we find that the scattering pattern of the rare-gas beam, including the Debye-Waller attenuation of the He beam, are quite similar to that from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG); this suggests that the graphene-Pt(111) interaction is much like a van der Waals interaction. On the contrary, for the gr/Ru(0001) system, we find a smaller Debye-Waller attenuation and a larger surface effective mass, indicating that graphene on Ru(0001) is tightly bonded to the substrate. Furthermore, asymmetrical spectral shapes in the Ar and Xe scattering spectra from gr/Ru(0001) are interpreted as a result of the lateral distribution of the interlayer interaction corresponding to the moiré pattern. It is found that the “valley” region of the moiré pattern has high effective mass reflecting stronger bonding to the substrate, contributing to the high reflectivity of the He beam reported for this system. On the other hand, the effective mass of the “hill” region is found to be similar to that of HOPG, indicating that this region is well decoupled from the substrate. These results demonstrate a unique capability of atom scattering to probe and evaluate the molecule-substrate interaction and its spatial distributions