Virtualna stvarnost u rehabilitaciji i liječenju

This paper describes virtual reality and some of its potential applications in rehabilitation and therapy. Some aspects of this technology are discussed with respect to different problem areas (sensorimotor impairments, autism, learning difficulties), as well as previous research which investigated changes within some motor and motivation parameters in relation to rehabilitation of children with motor impairments. Emphasis is on the positive effects of virtual reality as a method in which rehabilitation and therapy can be offered and evaluated within a functional, purposeful and motivating context.U radu se prikazuje opis virtualne stvarnosti i neke mogućnosti njezine primjene u rehabilitaciji i terapiji. Navedeni su neki vidovi primjene ove tehnologije u različitim problemskim područjima (senzomotorički poremećaji, autizam, teškoće u učenju), kao i neka znanstvena istraživanja u kojima su se ispitivale promjene nekih parametara motorike i motivacije vezane uz rehabilitaciju djece s motoričkim poremećajima. Naglašeni su pozitivni učinci virtualne stvarnosti kao metode u kojoj se rehabilitacijski i terapijski postupci mogu provoditi i ocjenjivati unutar funkcionalnog, planiranog i motivirajućeg konteksta

The Efficacy of Cisapride vs. Placebo and Diet in Patients with Chronic Constipation

The effects of cisapride (10 mg three times daily) on the stool evacuation characteristics, laxative consumption (symptom diary) and motility pattern (rectoanal manometry) were assessed in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation who fulfilled Rome II criteria. After a 14-day basal period on a diet rich in fiber (phase I), patients were treated with placebo (n=20) or cisapride (n=19) (phase II). Anorectal manometry was performed at the end of each phase. The study was controlled, randomized and double blind. Side effects related to the use of cisapride were noted and found to be mild. Cisapride and placebo increased stool frequency from 4 (1–11) to 7 (14–12) (p<0.001) and from 4 (2–10) to 6 (2–11) (p<0.05) per week, respectively. Straining was decreased from 69.0% to 39.7% in the cisapride (p<0.0001) group, and from 79% to 35% (p<0.0001) in the placebo group. Both cisapride and placebo decreased the feeling of incomplete evacuation from 91.7% to 37.5% (p<0.0001) and from 82.7% to 39.2% (p<0.0001), respectively. Cisapride reduced the need of laxatives and showed a tendency to normalize stool consistency but did not influence any other symptom or bowel motility parameter

Hrvatske smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 [Croatian guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes]

Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes' patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglyce- mia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes

CROATIAN GUIDELINES FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

Uvod: Hrvatsko društvo za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora izradilo je 2011. godine prve nacionalne smjernice o prehrani, edukaciji i samokontroli te farmakološkom liječenju šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Sukladno povećanom broju dostupnih lijekova te novim spoznajama o učinkovitosti i sigurnosti primjene već uključenih lijekova, pokazala se potreba za obnovom postojećih smjernica za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 u Republici ­Hrvatskoj. Sudionici: Kao koautori Smjernica navedeni su svi članovi Hrvatskog društva za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, kao i ostalih uključenih stručnih društava, koji su svojim komentarima i prijedlozima pridonijeli izradi Smjernica. Dokazi: Ove su Smjernice utemeljene na dokazima, prema sustavu GRADE (engl. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) koji uz razinu dokaza opisuje i snagu preporuke. Zaključci: Individualan pristup temeljen na fiziološkim principima regulacije glikemije nuždan je u liječenju osoba sa šećernom bolesti. Ciljeve liječenja i odabir medikamentne terapije treba prilagoditi oboljeloj osobi, uzimajući u obzir životnu dob, trajanje bolesti, očekivano trajanje života, rizik od hipoglikemije, komorbiditete, razvijene vaskularne i ostale komplikacije, kao i ostale čimbenike. Zbog svega navedenoga od nacionalnog je interesa imati praktične, racionalne i provedive smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2.Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of ­diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the ­pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes’ patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglycemia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes

COMMUNICATION AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE ORGANIZATION : Final paper

Komunikacija je osnova svih međuljudskih odnosa. Usko je povezana sa svim područjima ljudskog života te gotovo da ne postoji segment u kojemu komunikacija nije bitna. Jednostavno rečeno komunikacija se može definirati kao razmjena informacija, osjećaja i ideja. Pojavljuje se u raznim oblicima, a samo neki od njih su usmena i pismena komunikacija koje ubrajamo u verbalni oblik komunikacije, zatim neverbalna komunikacija, paraverbalna komunikacija. Nedavno se pojavio i u zadnje vrijeme se sve češće ističe i jedan poseban oblik komunikacije pod nazivom organizacijska komunikacija. Bez obzira govori li se o obitelji, mjesnoj zajednici, vladi ili poduzeću u kontekstu organizacije, sva ta grupiranja čine prirodni dio naših svakodnevnih života. Sve navedene organizacije organizirane su putem komunikacijskih procesa koje održavaju ljudi na način da međusobno komuniciraju. Svjesni činjenice kako su ljudi socijalna bića te da jedan mozak ne može baš sve odluke donositi samostalno potrebni su nam drugi ljudi za raspravu, iznošenje stručnog mišljenja, predlaganje novih ideja i slično. Za svaku organizaciju od velike važnosti su dobri međuljudski odnosi. Dok, s druge strane, loši međuljudski odnosi mogu imati brojne negativne posljedice za organizaciju. S obzirom na to da loše međuljudske odnose vrlo često prati još lošija komunikacija, od vrlo velike važnosti je za svaku organizaciju da njezini članovi posjeduju izražene i razvijene komunikacijske vještine.Communication is a groundwork of all the interpersonal relationships. It is closely related with all aspects of human life and almost doesn't exist a part of it in which communication isn't significant. Plainly said communication can be defined as the exchange of information, feelings and ideas. It appears in many forms, and just some of them are spoken and written communication which are part of verbal communication, furthermore nonverbal communication, paraverbal communication etc. Recently there has been a new form of communication which is called organizational communication. Whether it is a family, a local community, a government or a company in the context of an organization, all these groupings form a natural part of our daily lives. All of these organizations are organized through communication processes maintained by people in a way that they communicate with each other. Aware of the fact that people are social beings and that one individual can not take all decisions on its own, we need other people to discuss, express specialized opinion, propose a new ideas etc. Good interpersonal relationships are of great importance for every organization. While, on the other hand, bad interpersonal relationships can contain numerous consequences for organization. Given that bad interpersonal relationships are often accompanied by even worse communication, it is of great importance for every organization that its members possess developed communication skills

APPLICATION OF THE WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM – ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTED SYSTEM ON THE EXAMPLE OF ORBICO D.O.O. : Graduate paper

U posljednjih nekoliko godina značaj poslovne logistike znatno je porastao. Takvo suvremeno poimanje logistike pomaže pri postizanju konkurentske prednosti poduzeća omogućavajući kraće vrijeme dobave robe te povećanu fleksibilnost proizvoda. S tim u svezi, glavnim ciljevima logistike smatraju se skraćivanje vremena protoka dobara, smanjivanje broja zaliha, skraćivanje vremena reakcije; čija je glavna svrha unaprjeđenje protoka dobara, ali i informacija. Suvremena poimanja ovog kompleksnog sustava navode poduzeća na usvajanje novih uvjeta poslovanja u kojima se sve veći značaj pridaje optimizaciji opskrbnog lanca. Dakle, više nije dovoljno samo proizvesti pravi proizvod te očekivati da će ga potrošači pronaći, potrebno je proizvod „plasirati“ do potrošača na najuspješniji način, a to se postiže upravo prostornovremenskom transformacijom. U cijelom opskrbnom lancu distribucija igra značajnu ulogu jer reprezentira onu fazu opskrbnog lanca koja je zadužena za skup aktivnosti koje omogućavaju isporuku odgovarajućih proizvoda, u odgovarajućem stanju, na odgovarajuće mjesto i u odgovarajuće vrijeme; sve to uz minimalne popratne troškove. Novi poslovni modeli opskrbnog lanca utječu i na transportnu logistiku koja se iz dana u dan sve više mijenja i prilagođava novim modelima poslovanja. Tako se promjene u transportnoj logistici ogledaju u činjenici da postoji sve veći broj neovisnih poduzetnika koji se specijaliziraju u pružanju takvih usluga – logističkih usluga treće strane. Poduzeće Orbico, osim što je jedan od najvećih distributera ovih područja, specijalizira se i u pružanju logističkih usluga treće strane svojim partnerima. Upravo zbog tako opširne poslovne mreže, sustav upravljanja skladištem u Orbicu je vrlo dobro razvijen te omogućava nesmetano svakodnevno cirkuliranje ogromnog broja proizvoda. Kako bi protok dobara mogao normalno teći te kako bi se uspješno ispunile funkcije skladišta, u svim skladištima poduzeća Orbico primjenjuju se procesi skladištenja, procesi pokretanja te popratna dokumentacija skladišnog poslovanja. Sve to ne bi bilo moguće bez dobro implementiranog sustava za upravljanje skladištem.In the last few years, the importance of business logistics has grown significantly. This modern understanding of logistics helps in achieving the competitive advantage of a company by enabling shorter delivery times and increased product flexibility. Regard this, the main goals of logistics are considered to be shortening the time of the flow of goods, reducing the number of stocks, shortening the reaction time; whose main purpose is to improve the flow of goods as well as informations. Modern concepts of this complex system lead companies to adopt new business conditions in which increasing importance is attached to the optimization of the supply chain. Therefore, it is no longer enough to just produce the right product and expect consumers to find it, it is necessary to "market" the product to the consumer in the most successful way, and this is achieved precisely through space-time transformation. In the entire supply chain, distribution plays a significant role because it represents that phase of the supply chain that is in charge of a set of activities that enable the delivery of the right products, in the right condition, to the right place and at the right time; all this with minimal accompanying costs. New business models of the supply chain also affect transport logistics, which is changing and adapting to new business models day by day. Thus, the changes in transport logistics are reflected in the fact that there is an increasing number of independent entrepreneurs who specialize in providing such services. The company Orbico, in addition to being one of the largest distributors in these areas, also specializes in providing logistics services to its partners. Precisely because of such an extensive business network, the warehouse management system in Orbico is very well developed and enables the daily circulation of a huge number of products. In order for the flow of goods to flow normally and to successfully fulfill the functions of the warehouse, all warehouses of the company Orbico use storage processes, start-up processes and accompanying documentation of warehouse operations. All this would not be possible without a well-implemented WMS system

CROATIAN GUIDELINES FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

Uvod: Hrvatsko društvo za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora izradilo je 2011. godine prve nacionalne smjernice o prehrani, edukaciji i samokontroli te farmakološkom liječenju šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Sukladno povećanom broju dostupnih lijekova te novim spoznajama o učinkovitosti i sigurnosti primjene već uključenih lijekova, pokazala se potreba za obnovom postojećih smjernica za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 u Republici ­Hrvatskoj. Sudionici: Kao koautori Smjernica navedeni su svi članovi Hrvatskog društva za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, kao i ostalih uključenih stručnih društava, koji su svojim komentarima i prijedlozima pridonijeli izradi Smjernica. Dokazi: Ove su Smjernice utemeljene na dokazima, prema sustavu GRADE (engl. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) koji uz razinu dokaza opisuje i snagu preporuke. Zaključci: Individualan pristup temeljen na fiziološkim principima regulacije glikemije nuždan je u liječenju osoba sa šećernom bolesti. Ciljeve liječenja i odabir medikamentne terapije treba prilagoditi oboljeloj osobi, uzimajući u obzir životnu dob, trajanje bolesti, očekivano trajanje života, rizik od hipoglikemije, komorbiditete, razvijene vaskularne i ostale komplikacije, kao i ostale čimbenike. Zbog svega navedenoga od nacionalnog je interesa imati praktične, racionalne i provedive smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2.Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of ­diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the ­pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes’ patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglycemia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes

CROATIAN GUIDELINES FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

Uvod: Hrvatsko društvo za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora izradilo je 2011. godine prve nacionalne smjernice o prehrani, edukaciji i samokontroli te farmakološkom liječenju šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Sukladno povećanom broju dostupnih lijekova te novim spoznajama o učinkovitosti i sigurnosti primjene već uključenih lijekova, pokazala se potreba za obnovom postojećih smjernica za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 u Republici ­Hrvatskoj. Sudionici: Kao koautori Smjernica navedeni su svi članovi Hrvatskog društva za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, kao i ostalih uključenih stručnih društava, koji su svojim komentarima i prijedlozima pridonijeli izradi Smjernica. Dokazi: Ove su Smjernice utemeljene na dokazima, prema sustavu GRADE (engl. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) koji uz razinu dokaza opisuje i snagu preporuke. Zaključci: Individualan pristup temeljen na fiziološkim principima regulacije glikemije nuždan je u liječenju osoba sa šećernom bolesti. Ciljeve liječenja i odabir medikamentne terapije treba prilagoditi oboljeloj osobi, uzimajući u obzir životnu dob, trajanje bolesti, očekivano trajanje života, rizik od hipoglikemije, komorbiditete, razvijene vaskularne i ostale komplikacije, kao i ostale čimbenike. Zbog svega navedenoga od nacionalnog je interesa imati praktične, racionalne i provedive smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2.Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of ­diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the ­pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes’ patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglycemia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes