Vidska uporaba u kontekstima ponavljanih radnji u hrvatskome, srpskome i ruskome

The article deals with the interaction of temporal quantifiers (adverbs of quantification) with aspect choice in Croatian, and some comparisons with Serbian, Russian and some other Slavic languages are given. The analysis is given for rijetko \u27seldom\u27, ponekad \u27sometimes\u27, često \u27often\u27, uvijek \u27always\u27, svake godine \u27every year\u27; dva puta / dvaput \u27twice\u27, tri puta / triput \u27thrice\u27, nekoliko puta \u27few times\u27, više puta \u27several times\u27, puno / mnogo puta / nebrojeno puta \u27many times / innumerable times\u27, and their counterparts in languages mentioned.Predmet je ovoga rada izbor glagolskoga vida u kontekstima s vremenskim kvantifikatorima u hrvatskome, srpskome i ruskome. Kvantifikacija događaja inherentna je u odnosu svršenih i nesvršenih glagola ako se opreka između jedne pojavnice događaja i višestrukih pojavnica događaja uzme kao jedan od čimbenika njihove semantičke različitosti. Nakon uvodnih napomena, u drugome dijelu rada razmatraju se neka opća pitanja vremenske kvantifikacije, odnosno kvantifikacije događaja. Da bi se ispitala međuuvjetovanost vremenskih kvatifikatora i izbora vida u hrvatskome, promatraju se dvije skupine priložnih izraza koje upućuju na ponavljane radnje: prva skupina (\u27rijetko\u27, \u27ponekad\u27, \u27često\u27, \u27uvijek\u27) upućuje na relativnu kvantitetu, a druga (\u27dva puta\u27 / \u27dvaput\u27, \u27tri puta\u27 / \u27triput\u27, \u27nekoliko puta\u27, \u27više puta\u27, \u27puno\u27/\u27mnoga puta\u27 / \u27nebrojeno puta\u27) na apsolutnu kvantitetu. U trećem dijelu iznosi se brojčana analiza primjera s tim izrazima (primjeri su izdvojeni iz Tridesetmilijunskoga korprusa hrvatskoga jezika). Analiza pokazuje da viši postotak pojave nesvršenoga vida nije automatski povezan s priložnim izrazima koji upućuju na redovitije ponavljanje radnje, odnosno da porast redovitosti ponavljanja nužno ne prati porast uporabe nesvršenoga vida (primjerice, postotak nesvršenih glagola u prezentu u kontekstima s \u27uvijek\u27 niži je od postotka za \u27rijetko\u27 i \u27često\u27). U četvrtome dijelu uspoređuje se kvantifikacija događaja i vid u ruskome i hrvatskome, a u petome se analizira vidska uporaba u kontekstima ponavljanih radnji u hrvatskome i srpskome. Analizu su potaknuli primjeri iz korpusa te neki zaključci M.lvić (1985) i S. M. Dickeya (2000) o toj problematici. Posebna se pozomost posvećuje kontekstnim čimbenicima koji utječu na uporabu svršenoga vida u kontekstima ponavljanih radnji. Neke naznake iz Dickeyove analize da bi se hrvatski i srpski mogli razlikovati u odnosu na prihvatljivost svršenoga vida u kontekstima ponavljanih radnji, tj. u odnosu na prototipno značenje svršenoga vida, potvrđuju se: u standardnome hrvatskome svršeni je vid prihvatljiv u mnogim kontekstima s ponavljanim radnjama u kojima je nesvršeni vid puno prihvatljivija ili jedina mogućnost u standardnome srpskome

Strategije neuljudnosti u komentarima na online vijesti u hrvatskim i srpskim novinama: studija temeljena na procjenama čitatelja

This study examines readers’ perceptions of impoliteness in user comments on online news articles in two daily newspapers: Croatia’s Jutarnji list and Serbia’s Večernje novosti. The study considers judgments by four younger study participants that did not participate in the online discussions as posters. These readers evaluated impoliteness from their own point of view, identifying impolite utterances in 668 user comments. Participants’ judgments are categorized and analyzed drawing on Culpeper’s (2011a) taxonomy of impoliteness formulae and triggers. This study focuses on utterances and language means judged impolite by the majority — that is, three or four participants — with the aim of identifying frequent impoliteness formulae and language means that are judged to be impolite. Among the phenomena judged impolite by three or four readers, predominant are conventionalized impoliteness formulae with terms from the domains of sexual activities and mental health, and referential terms with a historical burden. Cursing was regularly judged impolite, as well as expressions with words from the semantic domain of scatology, words evoking animal metaphors, and name modifications (blends) resulting in taboo or derogatory terms. There seems to be a strong correlation between the phenomena judged impolite and discursive identity construction — that is, establishing the border between “us” and “them” — which in the data often involved negative, and even stigmatizing, descriptions of those considered to belong to another national group.U članku se ispituju neuljudni fenomeni i strategije neuljudnosti u žanru komentara na mrežne novinske članke. Analiza se oslanja na čitateljske percepcije neuljudnosti. Komentari (668) koji su predmet analize iz dvaju su dnevnika: hrvatskog Jutarnjeg lista i srpskih Večernjih novosti, a izazvala su ih četiri članka s politčkim temama, dva iz JL-a i dva iz VN-a, objavljena u prosincu 2016. Analiza se temelji na procjenama četvero mlađih čitatelja koji sami nisu sudjelovali u raspravama na mreži. Klasifikacija i analiza iskaza koji su oni interpretirali kao neuljudne temelji se na Culpeperovoj (2011a) taksonomiji obrazaca i „okidača“ neuljudnosti, te neuljudnih formula. Najveći prostor daje se iskazima i jezičnim sredstvima koje je troje ili četvero čitatelja ocijenilo neuljudnima, a pritom je cilj utvrđivanje fenomena koji se redovito ocjenjuju neuljudnima. Među iskazima koje je većina čitatelja interpretirala kao neuljudne, najviše su zastupljene konvencionalne neuljudne formule s izrazima iz domena seksa i mentalnog zdravlja, te izrazi povezani s traumatičnim povijesnim iskustvima. Kod fenomena ocijenjenih neuljudnima dominiraju psovke, izrazi iz semantičke domene skatologije, izrazi kojima su u podlozi metafore s izvornom domenom životinja, te modificirana osobna i vlastita imena kada su rezultat preinake stopljenice s pogrdnim značenjem ili izrazito negativnim konotacijama. Analiza je pokazala da postoji jasna veza između izraza koji se interpretiraju kao neuljudni i diskurzivne izgradnje identiteta, odnosno utvrđivanja granice između „nas“ i „njih“: u materijalu su česti izrazito negativni, čak i stigmatizirajući opisi onih koji se svrstavaju u (nacionalno ili etnički) „druge“

Metafore za očaj u hrvatskome: korpusna analiza

This study examines the role of metaphor in the conceptualization of očaj ‘despair’ based on the Croatian corpus hrWaC. The study also considers some non-figurative aspects. Employing “metaphorical pattern analysis” (Stefanowitsch 2006) and MIP (Pragglejaz Group 2007) methods, the paper scrutinizes corpus examples that contain the target-domain word očaj ‘despair’, looking for metaphorical patterns. These patterns were extracted from a random sample of 1,000 citations and additional corpus citations that were retrieved based on a list of collocation candidates. The analysis shows that the metaphorical conceptualization of očaj ‘despair’ in Croatian in the data examined relates to approximately forty source domains, out of which the most frequently utilized is CONTAINER, followed by OBJECT. The source domains identified in the conceptualization of očaj illustrate similarities between the metaphors for očaj in Croatian and those identified for sadness and depression in various languages, and point toward universal features of metaphorical conceptualization of some emotions and emotional states.Rad ispituje ulogu metafora u konceptualizaciji očaja u hrvatskome jeziku. Analiza je utemeljena na korpusu hrWaC te se osvrće i na neke nefigurativne aspekte. Na analizu korpusnih primjera primijenjena je metoda razrađena u Stefanowitsch (2006), metaphorical pattern analysis, a kod identifikacije metafora korištena je MIP-metoda (Pragglejaz Group 2007). U fokusu je studije 1000 korpusnih primjera koji sadrže riječ očaj, a dobiveni su opcijom random sample. U tim su primjerima primjenom navedenih metoda identificirani izrazi koji upućuju na metaforičku konceptualizaciju očaja. Neki su dodatni izrazi dobiveni na temelju podataka s popisa kolokacijskih kandidata. Analiza pokazuje da se u metaforičkoj konceptualizaciji očaja u hrvatskome u analiziranom materijalu pojavljuje oko 40 izvornih domena od kojih je najčešća SPREMNIK, a slijedi OBJEKT. Izvorne domene koje se pojavljuju u konceptualizaciji pokazuju da su metafore relevantne za koncept očaja u hrvatskome slične metaforama koje su identificirane u konceptualizaciji tuge i depresije u drugim jezicima. Rezultati ove studije ukazuju na povezanost tih triju koncepata kako unutar istog jezika, tako i u komparativnoj perspektivi, te na univerzalne aspekte metaforičke konceptualizacije nekih emocija i stanja

Metaphorical conceptualization of hope (nada) in Croatian: A corpus-based study

This study examines the role of metaphor in the conceptualization of hope (nada) in the Croatian corpus hrWaC. Employing “metaphorical pattern analysis” (Stefanowitsch, 2006), I analyze metaphorical patterns with the target-domain word nada ‘hope’. These patterns were extracted from a random sample of 1000 citations and additional citations retrieved based on the collocation candidates’ list. The analysis shows that the conceptualization of hope in Croatian relates to approximately fifty metaphorical source domains. The most frequently utilized are object, container, and companion, which apply to many other emotions, dispositions, and states. The study builds on relevant research questions and findings on the conceptual representation of emotions and metaphors structuring emotions within cognitive linguistic research. It offers a basis for future qualitative studies about hope as a universal and culture-specific concept

SEMANTIČKA ANALIZA GLAGOLSKOGA PREFIKSA O(B)- U HRVATSKOME

This article analyzes the verbal prefix o(b)- in Croatian from a cognitive linguistic perspective, focusing on how its apparently different meanings relate to each other, and the extensions of its spatial meanings into non-spatial domains. The prototypical meaning of verbs prefixed with o(b)- involves a general notion of circular movement realized in concrete spatial realms: a trajector (TR) performs a circular movement around a landmark (LM). This spatial schema of circular movement can be illustrated by the motion verb optrčati ‘make a full circle by running around a certain area’. Our analysis aims to show that the central meaning, move around (an object), has a special status in the meaning network because it directly or indirectly motivates all of the other meanings. We show that the various meanings of o(b)-verbs are not a random collection of unrelated senses, but form a semantic network in which individual meanings emerge via metaphorical and metonymic extensions and relate to systematic and partially predictable applications of concrete spatial relations to abstract ideas.U radu se analizira glagolski prefix o(b)- u hrvatskome jeziku iz kognitivnolingvističke perspektive, s posebnim osvrtom na povezanost njegovih naizgled različitih značenja, te na proširenja njegovih prostornih značenja u neprostorne domene. Prototipno značenje glagola s prefiksom o(b)- uključuje ideju kružnoga kretanja u konkretnim prostornim domenama: trajektor (TR) se kružno kreće oko orijentira (LM). Ta se prostorna shema kružnoga kretanja može ilustrirati glagolom kretanja optrčati. Analiza ima za cilj pokazati da središnje značenje prefiksa o(b)-, kretanje oko, ima poseban status u značenjskoj mreži jer na izravan ili neizravan način motivira sva ostala značenja. U radu pokazujemo da različita značenja prefiksa o(b)- ne predstavljaju nasumičan zbir nepovezanih značenja, već da čine koherentnu značenjsku mrežu. U njoj su pojedina podznačenja motivirana metaforičkim i metonimijskim proširenjima te ilustriraju sustavne i djelomično predvidljive prijenose predodžbi o konkretnim prostornim odnosima u apstraktne domene

Glagolski prefiks o(b)- u hrvatskome i bugarskome: semantička mreža i izazovi korpusno utemeljena istraživanja

This study compares the verbal prefix o(b)– in two South Slavic languages, Croatian and Bulgarian, from a cognitive linguistic perspective. We focus on the problems arising when constructing the semantic network of this polysemous prefix, particularly on 1) isolating the prefix’s meaning from the meaning of the base verb and 2) identifying core/dominant sub–meanings for all verbs and giving them corresponding semantic labels. Our approach to morphology is based on extensive databases of verbs collected from dictionaries and a few corpora. However, our work with corpora led to a number of challenges. This study thus has two aims: a) presenting challenges encountered in working out semantic networks of prefixes, and b) presenting challenges related to obtaining reliable (quantitative) results from the corpora.U analizi se iz komparativne perspektive razmatra glagolski prefiks o(b)– u hrvatskome i bugarskome jeziku. Teorijski je okvir kognitivna lingvistika. Prva je tema na koju se osvrćemo značenjska mreža ovoga prefiksa u svjetlu polisemije. U tom sklopu posebno razmatramo sljedeća pitanja: 1) kako odvojiti značenje prefiksa od značenja osnovnih glagola, 2) kako identificirati središnje značenje i osnovna podznačenja i kako ih imenovati. Analiza se temelji na opsežnom inventaru prefigiranih glagola prikupljenom u rječnicima i korpusima. U radu s korpusima bilo je nekih izazova, pa se analiza stoga (uz spomenutu problematiku povezanu s razradom semantičke mreže) osvrće i na pitanje kako doći do kvantitativno relevantnih rezultata na temelju korpusa koji su ili ograničena opsega ili imaju druge vrste ograničenja

Means of Expressing and Implying Emotions and Impoliteness in Croatian and Montenegrin Public Discourse

This article addresses means of expressing and implying emotions (Langlotz, Locher 2012) in realizations of impoliteness in written discourse thematizing language and identity in Croatian and Montenegrin media in 2010 and 2011. Realizations of impoliteness often relate to communicating an emotional stance that can trigger emotional responses in readers. Our discourse sample can be described as “disputes about language and identity” (cf. Felberg, Šarić 2013), which is largely characterized by conflictual disagreements. Conflictual disagreements, as Jones (2001) or Langlotz and Locher (2012) put it, do not leave one cold in face-to-face interaction: they arouse feelings of annoyance, irritation, anger, or contempt directed to the communicative partner. These observations are relevant in our context, although we deal with written discourse. The main participants in our data include well-known intellectuals, journalists, and editors. They all defend or attaca a position in discussing, among other things, “how similar ‘our’ language (Croatian/Montenegrin) is to ‘their’ language” (Serbian), and “what makes this language (Croatian/Montenegrin) a distinctive and independent entity”. These participants clearly position themselves in relation to other participants. Their positioning of the self and the other person involves negative identity-ascribing practices. Taking into consideration parameters such as the role of participants in discourse and society, context, co-text, and activity types in which discourse participants engaged, we identified various highly context-dependent types and functions of impoliteness realizations (cf. Šarić, Felberg 2015). Contrary to our expectations, the participants in the media discourse in both countries frequently use impoliteness both strategically and systematically while defending their positions. The impoliteness realizations point to emotively significant places in discourse. Their use has several functions: a prominent one is coercion through legitimizing one’s own standpoints and delegitimizing those of one’s opponents.This article addresses means of expressing and implying emotions (Langlotz, Locher 2012) in realizations of impoliteness in written discourse thematizing language and identity in Croatian and Montenegrin media in 2010 and 2011. Realizations of impoliteness often relate to communicating an emotional stance that can trigger emotional responses in readers. Our discourse sample can be described as “disputes about language and identity” (cf. Felberg, Šarić 2013), which is largely characterized by conflictual disagreements. Conflictual disagreements, as Jones (2001) or Langlotz and Locher (2012) put it, do not leave one cold in face-to-face interaction: they arouse feelings of annoyance, irritation, anger, or contempt directed to the communicative partner. These observations are relevant in our context, although we deal with written discourse. The main participants in our data include well-known intellectuals, journalists, and editors. They all defend or attaca a position in discussing, among other things, “how similar ‘our’ language (Croatian/Montenegrin) is to ‘their’ language” (Serbian), and “what makes this language (Croatian/Montenegrin) a distinctive and independent entity”. These participants clearly position themselves in relation to other participants. Their positioning of the self and the other person involves negative identity-ascribing practices. Taking into consideration parameters such as the role of participants in discourse and society, context, co-text, and activity types in which discourse participants engaged, we identified various highly context-dependent types and functions of impoliteness realizations (cf. Šarić, Felberg 2015). Contrary to our expectations, the participants in the media discourse in both countries frequently use impoliteness both strategically and systematically while defending their positions. The impoliteness realizations point to emotively significant places in discourse. Their use has several functions: a prominent one is coercion through legitimizing one’s own standpoints and delegitimizing those of one’s opponents