NECK MUSCLE ACTIVITY PATTERNS AMONG NORWEGIAN MACHINE OPERATORS IN DIFFERENT BRANDS OF FOREST HARVESTERS

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Frifødsler i nordiske land - Kvinners motivasjon og erfaringer En systematisk litteraturstudie

Tittel: Frifødsler i nordiske land – Kvinners motivasjon og erfaringer. En systematisk litteraturstudie Hensikt: Å få en forståelse for hva det er motiverer kvinner som velger frifødsel i Norden, et område hvor helsetjenester både er tilgjengelige og har høy kvalitet, og hvilken erfaring de har med prosessen. Problemstilling: Hvilke erfaringer har kvinner i Norden med frifødsel, og hva motiverer gravide til å planlegge en slik fødsel? Metode: En systematisk litteraturstudie av kvalitative primærstudier. Analyse av primærstudiene gjennom Thomas og Harden sin metode tematisk syntese av kvalitativ forskning. Systematiske søk ble gjennomført i Medline, Maternity and Infant Care (MIC), Embase, APA PsycInfo og Cinahl. Resultat: Fem studier ble inkludert. Tre analytiske temaer ble identifisert: 1) Fødsel er ingen sykdom, 2) Systemet er ikke for meg, 3) På eget ansvar – veien mot frifødsel. På bakgrunn av disse ble et overordnet tema identifisert: Fødselens avgjørende betydning. Konklusjon: I Norden velger kvinner frifødsel fordi de anser dette som det tryggeste og beste, ut ifra sitt syn på fødsel. For noen er det et negativt valg der frifødsel ble stående igjen som det eneste akseptable alternativet. De fleste beskriver frifødselen som en styrkende opplevelse. Kvinnene forbereder seg nøye og avgjørelsen er gjennomtenkt. Støtte fra partner er avgjørende. Nøkkelord: Frifødsel, uassistert fødsel, Norden, fødselsomsorg, kvalitativ litteraturstudie, tematisk syntes

Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Assessment of Marine Cyanobacteria - Synechocystis and Synechococcus

Aqueous extracts and organic solvent extracts of isolated marine cyanobacteria strains were tested for antimicrobial activity against a fungus, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and for cytotoxic activity against primary rat hepatocytes and HL-60 cells. Antimicrobial activity was based on the agar diffusion assay. Cytotoxic activity was measured by apoptotic cell death scored by cell surface evaluation and nuclear morphology. A high percentage of apoptotic cells were observed for HL-60 cells when treated with cyanobacterial organic extracts. Slight apoptotic effects were observed in primary rat hepatocytes when exposed to aqueous cyanobacterial extracts. Nine cyanobacteria strains were found to have antibiotic activity against two Gram-positive bacteria, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosum and Cellulomonas uda. No inhibitory effects were found against the fungus Candida albicans and Gram-negative bacteria. Marine Synechocystis and Synechococcus extracts induce apoptosis in eukaryotic cells and cause inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria. The different activity in different extracts suggests different compounds with different polarities

Absence of Campylobacter in some Norwegian Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Pig Herds

In this study, ten Nonvegian Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) pig herds (three nucleus and seven multiplying herds) were surveyed for Campylobacter spp. to detennine the occurrence of this organism in the Norwegian SPF pig health and breeding pyramid. From the ten SPF herds, four tested negative for Campylobacter spp., one showed presence of an unknown Campylobacter spp. and the remaining five herds tested positive for C. coli. Of the three nucleus herds which were tested, only the first established nucleus herd was free from C. coli. The three production herds testing negative for Campylobacter were all established with gilts from the first nucleus herd. The herds testing positive for Campylobacter were all established with animals from either one or both of the positive nucleus herds. Three of the five herds that were carriers of C. coli had a prevalence rate of 37.5% while the lowest rate was in nucleus herd 2 with 12.5%. The remaining herd showed a prevalence of 69.2%

Antibacterial Activity of Marine and Black Band Disease Cyanobacteria against Coral-Associated Bacteria

Black band disease (BBD) of corals is a cyanobacteria-dominated polymicrobial disease that contains diverse populations of heterotrophic bacteria. It is one of the most destructive of coral diseases and is found globally on tropical and sub-tropical reefs. We assessed ten strains of BBD cyanobacteria, and ten strains of cyanobacteria isolated from other marine sources, for their antibacterial effect on growth of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from BBD, from the surface mucopolysaccharide layer (SML) of healthy corals, and three known bacterial coral pathogens. Assays were conducted using two methods: co-cultivation of cyanobacterial and bacterial isolates, and exposure of test bacteria to (hydrophilic and lipophilic) cyanobacterial cell extracts. During co-cultivation, 15 of the 20 cyanobacterial strains tested had antibacterial activity against at least one of the test bacterial strains. Inhibition was significantly higher for BBD cyanobacteria when compared to other marine cyanobacteria. Lipophilic extracts were more active than co-cultivation (extracts of 18 of the 20 strains were active) while hydrophilic extracts had very limited activity. In some cases co-cultivation resulted in stimulation of BBD and SML bacterial growth. Our results suggest that BBD cyanobacteria are involved in structuring the complex polymicrobial BBD microbial community by production of antimicrobial compounds

An automatic pre-processing method to detect and reject signal artifacts from full-shift field-work sEMG recordings of bilateral trapezius activity

Bipolar surface EMG (sEMG) signals of the trapezius muscles bilaterally were recorded continuously with a frequency of 800 Hz during full-shift field-work by a four-channel portable data logger. After recordings of 60 forest machine operators in Finland, Norway and Sweden, we discovered erroneous data. In short of any available procedure to handle these data, a method was developed to automatically discard erroneous data in the raw data reading files (Discarding Erroneous EPOchs (DESEPO) method. The DESEPO method automatically identifies, discards and adjusts the use of signal disturbances in order to achieve the best possible data use. An epoch is a 0.1 s period of raw sEMG signals and makes the basis for the RMS calculations. If erroneous signals constitute more than 30% of the epoch signals, this classifies for discharge of the present epoch. Non-valid epochs have been discarded, as well as all the subsequent epochs. The valid data for further analyses using the automatic detection resulted in an increase of acceptable data from an average of 2.15–6.5 h per day. The combination of long-term full-shift recordings and automatic data reduction procedures made it possible to use large amount of data otherwise discarded for further analyses

NECK MUSCLE ACTIVITY PATTERNS AMONG NORWEGIAN MACHINE OPERATORS IN DIFFERENT BRANDS OF FOREST HARVESTERS

publishedVersio