Use of Arthrobotrys spp. in biocontrol of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Plant parasitic nematodes are well-known and devastating pathogens of many agricultural crops around the world. Among the plant phytoparasitic, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the economically important limiting factors in agricultural productivity and the quality of crops. One of the most destructive species of root-knot nematodes is Meloidogyne incognita among the most important plant pests which cause severe problems in economically important crops such as vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants. Root-knot nematodes can be managed by resistant cultivars, crop rotation, cultural practices, chemical nematicides and biocontrol agents. However, the use of nematicides can cause significant problems, including environmental pollution and long-term residue issues. Therefore, biological control with fungus is agriculturally useful an exciting and rapidly developing research area and especially there is growing attention to the exploitation of fungi for the control of nematodes. Nematophagous fungi are an important group of soil microorganisms that can suppress the populations of plant parasitic nematodes. These fungi can be divided into four main categories: endoparasitic fungi, nematode-trapping fungi, fungi that parasitic egg and female, and toxin-producing fungi. Among the nematophagous fungi, nematode-trapping fungi which are natural enemies of nematodes are the most studied. The nematode-trapping fungi develop hyphal structures. Arthrobotrys spp. are a well-known nematode-trapping fungus with biocontrol potential against root-knot nematodes, including M. incognita. The objective of this paper is to summarize the data on the potential for use of Arthrobotrys spp. in biocontrol of the root-knot nematode M. incognita. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1001564

The Commercıal Enterprıse Pledge

Türk Medeni Kanunu'nun 939. maddesinin 1. fıkrasında taşınırların rehni bakımından kabul edilen kural, taşınırın zilyetliğinin alacaklıya devredilmesi iken; aynı fıkra içerisinde ayrık durumların olabileceği belirtilmiş olup özel kanunlarla teslimsiz taşınır rehni türleri oluşturulmuştur. Ticari işletme rehni de teslimsiz taşınır rehni türlerinden biri olup, bu rehin türünde işletmeler ihtiyaç duyduğu krediyi, menkul işletme tesisatını devretmeksizin ilgili sicile yapılan rehin tescili ile temin edilebilmektedirler. Bu kapsamda, Ticari İşletme Rehni Kanunu da işletmelerin, faaliyetlerine devam ederek kolayca kredi temin edebilme ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilmek için yasallaştırılmıştır. Ticari hayattaki önemi nedeniyle ben de Ticari İşletme Rehni başlığı altındaki tezimde, Ticari İşletme Rehni Kanunu'nu, ticari işletme rehni sözleşmesinin kurulmasını, sözleşmenin hüküm ve sonuçları ile sözleşmenin sona ermesini inceledim. Tezim üç bölümden oluşmakla birlikte konuyu ayrıntıları ile alt başlıklar altında ele aldım. Birinci bölümde taşınır rehni, ticari işletme kavramı, ticari işletme rehninin ekonomik önemi ve hukuki niteliği ana başlığı altında taşınır rehni ve türleri, teslimsiz taşınır rehni türleri, taşınır rehnine hakim olan ilkeler anlatılmış olup ticari işletme kavramı genel hatlarıyla irdelenmiş, ticari işletme rehninin ekonomik önemi ile hukuki niteliği üzerinde durulmuş ve ticari işletme rehninin Türk hukukundaki gelişimi öğretideki ve pozitif hukuktaki gelişimi başlıkları altında anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölüm ticari işletme rehni sözleşmesinin hüküm ve sonuçları başlığı altında incelenmiş bu kapsamda ticari işletme rehni sözleşmesinin konusu, kapsamı, tarafları, sözleşmenin kuruluşu, şekli, tescili, ticari işletme rehni sözleşmesinde tarafların hak ve borçları anlatılmıştır. Son bölümde gayri menkul rehnine ilişkin kuralların ticari işletme rehninde uygulama alanı, ticari işletme rehni sözleşmesinin sona ermesi, sona erme şekilleri, rehnin paraya çevrilmesi ile ticari işletme rehninden doğan uyuşmazlıklarda görevli ve yetkili mahkeme anlatılmıştır. Ticari işletme rehni konusu bir bütün olarak ele alındığında göze çarpan en önemli husus, küçük işletmelerin serbest ekonomi şartlarında ayakta kalabilmeleri için ihtiyaç duydukları krediyi, atölyelerini, menkul işletme tesisatlarını devretmeden, bunları ellerinde bulundurarak ticari işletme rehni ile kredi temin edip faaliyetlerine devam edebilmesidir.In paragraph 1 of Article 939 of the Turkish Civil Code in terms of the accepted rules of pledge of movables, movable, while the possession is transferred to the creditor; in the same paragraph is discrete, there may be situations pledge of movable type without delivery by special laws were created. Commercial enterprise pledge of movable type is one of the without delivery, businesses needed in this kind of pledge loans, securities business without transfer wiring pledge made to the relevant records may be provided with registration. In this context, the Law on Commercial Enterprise Pledge of businesses, activities continued to respond to the need to provide easy credit has been legalized for. Because of the importance of commercial life under the title I pledge my thesis Commercial Property, Commercial Property Pledge Act, the establishment of a pledge agreement, the provisions of the contract and the termination of the agreement with the results I've studied. Although my thesis consists of three parts subject I have discussed in detail under the sub-headings. In the first section movable pledge, commercial business concept, pledge of assets of the economic importance and legal nature under the heading movable pledges and types, without delivery moved pledge types, movable pledge, which dominates the principles are explained and commercial business concept outlined are examined, pledge of assets of the economic importance and commercial enterprise pledge focused on the legal nature of the Turkish law and positive law in the development of the doctrine are described under the headings of the development. The second chapter pledge of the contract terms and the results under the title examined in this context and a pledge agreement subject, scope, parties to the contract provider, shape, registration are also explained. In the last part of a pledge to end the contract, commercial pledge agreement of the parties rights and obligations of the real estate lien rules for commercial enterprise pledge also the applications is described and termination forms, with a pledge to be converted to money disputes arising from commercial enterprise pledge has been described in courts of competent jurisdiction. Commercial enterprise pledge subject as a whole, taken conspicuous most important issue for small businesses free economic conditions to survive, they need loans, workshops, securities business installations before passing them on their hands keeping a pledge with the supply of credit whether to continue its activities i

A late diagnosis of Pott’s disease in an adolescent with psoas abscess

Psoas abscess is classified as primary or secondary according to presence or absence of the underlying focus of infection. Secondary psoas abscesses are much more common and tuberculosis of the spine (Pott’s disease) is one of the leading predisposing diseases. Here we report a 16-year-old male presented with flank pain and abdominal distention, followed by spontaneous purulent drainage from lower back and lower abdomen. Eventually a painful swelling appeared below the right knee about one year after the appearance of the first symptoms. He was diagnosed as Pott’s disease and secondary psoas abscess based on specific culture of draining pus, which yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Psoas abscess due to Pott’s disease may show a nonspecific and chronic clinical course resulting in a late diagnosis and increased morbidity, as in the reported case. Clinicians in the endemic countries should be aware of this rare and challenging clinical entity

Investigation of the Effects of Probiotic Bacteria on Bacterial Translocation that Developed During Diagnostic Laparoscopy: An Experimental Study

WOS: 000311330900014PubMed: 23188579Probiotics which are non-pathogenic live microorganisms ingested along with food or as dietary supplements, are thought to be beneficial to the host by supporting the microbial balance in digestive system. Various studies suggest that the effects of probiotics on the intestinal mucosa and immunity are protective against bacterial translocation. We aimed to investigate bacterial translocation related to the amount of CO2 insufflation given during laparoscopy and the effect of probiotic bacteria in an experimental peritonitis model. In this study 60 Wistar rats were used in six groups consisting of 10 rats. Group 1, 3 and 5 consisted of the rats that were fed without probiotics, while the rats in Group 2, 4, and 6 were fed with water containing 5 x 10(8) cfu/ml probiotic bacteria complex (Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus) for 15 days. To generate experimental peritonitis, 2 x 10(7) cfu/ml Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was inoculated intraperitoneally to all of the rats. Thereafter, laparoscopy was applied in all groups. Application in Group 1 and Group 2 was without CO2; Group 3 and Group 4 with 14 mmHg CO2 insufflation, and Group 5 and Group 6 with 20 mmHg CO2 insufflation. Blood samples were taken in 2nd, 4th, and 6th hours. Mesenteric lymph node, liver and spleen samples were taken at 6th hour when the rats were sacrified and then these were evaluated microbiologically with qualitative and quantitative methods. Bacterial translocation and bacteremia were found in the rats that were undergone experimental peritonitis during laparoscopy. All positive tissue and blood cultures yielded E.coli. The highest level of bacterial translocation was found to be in mesenteric lymph nodes (in 3/10, 6/10 and 10/10 in groups 1, 3 and 5 fed without probiotics, respectively; in 2/10, 3/10 and 4/10 in groups 2, 4 and 6 fed with probiotics, respectively). The bacterial translocation rates were found to be related to the increased CO2 insufflation. It was found that probiotic bacteria were more effective for decreasing bacterial translocation rates and bacteremia in the groups that were given high CO2 pressure during laparoscopy. It was also found that these results were correlated with bacterial translocation per gram of tissue. As an example, the quantitative bacterial growth values detected in mesenteric lymph node were 5.4 +/- 2.9 x 10(3), 10.6 +/- 3.3 x 10(3) and 21.5 +/- 12.4 x 10(3) cfu/g in groups 1, 3 and 5, fed without probiotics, respectively; and 2.0 +/- 1.3 x 10(3), 3.8 +/- 1.9 x 10(3) and 9.0 +/- 3.1 x 10(3) cfu/g in groups 2, 4 and 6, fed with probiotics, respectively. Our data emphasized that probiotic bacteria may be used as prophylactic agents for the prevention of bacterial translocation during laparoscopy, however comprehensive and clinical studies are needed to support these experimental results