챗봇이 신뢰 위반으로부터 회복하는 데 사과와 공감이 미치는 영향

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 사회과학대학 심리학과, 2022. 8. 한소원.In the present study, we investigated how chatbots can recover user trust after making errors. In two experiments, participants had a conversation with a chatbot about their daily lives and personal goals. After giving an inadequate response to the user’s negative sentiments, the chatbot apologized using internal or external error attribution and various levels of empathy. Study 1 showed that the type of apology did not affect users’ trust or the chatbot’s perceived competence, warmth, or discomfort. Study 2 showed that short apologies increased trust and perceived competence of the chatbot compared to long apologies. In addition, apologies with internal attribution increased the perceived competence of the chatbot. The perceived comfort of the chatbot increased when apologies with internal attribution were longer as well as when apologies with external attribution were shorter. However, in both Study 1 and Study 2, the apology conditions did not significantly increase users’ trust or positively affect their perception of the chatbot in comparison to the no-apology condition. Our research provides practical guidelines for designing error recovery strategies for chatbots. The findings demonstrate that Human-Robot Interaction may require an approach to trust recovery that differs from Human-Human Interaction.본 연구에서는 챗봇이 대화 중 오류가 있었을 때 사용자의 신뢰를 회복할 수 있는 방법에 대하여 탐색하였다. 두 번의 실험에서 참여자들은 일상생활과 자신의 목표에 관하여 챗봇과 대화를 나누었다. 챗봇은 참여자의 부정적 감정에 대해 부적절한 응답을 한 후, 공감 수준을 달리하며 내적 귀인 혹은 외적 귀인을 사용하여 사과했다. 연구 1에 따르면 사과의 종류는 사용자의 신뢰나 챗봇의 지각된 유능함, 따뜻함, 불편감에 유의미한 영향을 주지 않았다. 연구 2 결과 짧은 사과는 긴 사과보다 챗봇에 대한 사용자의 신뢰와 지각된 유능함을 더 크게 높였다. 또한, 내적 귀인을 사용하는 사과가 챗봇의 지각된 유능함을 더 크게 향상시켰다. 내적 귀인을 사용하는 사과의 경우 길이가 길 때, 외적 귀인을 사용하는 사과의 경우 길이가 짧을 때 사용자들에게 더 편안하게 느껴졌다. 그러나 연구 1과 연구 2 모두에서 사과 조건은 사용자의 신뢰를 유의미하게 증가시키거나 챗봇의 인식에 유의미하게 긍정적인 영향을 미치지 않았다. 본 연구는 챗봇 오류를 해결하기 위한 신뢰 회복 전략을 수립하기 위한 실용적인 지침을 제공한다. 또한, 본 연구 결과는 인간-로봇 상호작용에서 요구되는 신뢰 회복 전략은 인간-인간 상호 작용에서 사용되는 전략과는 상이할 수 있음을 보여준다.Abstract i Table of Contents ii List of Tables iii List of Figures iii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1. Motivation 1 2. Previous Research 2 3. Purpose of Study 11 Chapter 2. Study 1 12 1. Hypotheses 12 2. Methods 12 3. Results 18 4. Discussion 23 Chapter 3. Study 2 25 1. Hypotheses 25 2. Methods 26 3. Results 30 4. Discussion 38 Chapter 4. Conclusion 40 Chapter 5. General Discussion 42 References 46 Appendix 54 국문초록 65석

Bias due to Mismatch and its Sensitivity in Matched Field Processing

Matched field processing(MFP) is a parameter estimation technique for localizing the range, depth, and bearing of a point source from the signal field propagating in an acoustic waveguide. MFP involves the correlation of the actual acoustic pressure field measured at a receiver array with a predicted field based on a postulated source position and an assumed ocean model. A high degree of correlation between the measured field and the predicted field indicates a likely source location. Thus an increased complexity of the ocean's structure provides a greater variability of the acoustic fields, which aids the estimation procedure. When the environmental data are inaccurate or incomplete, a "mismatch" occurs between the measured data and the predicted pressure field, that causes a degradation in MFP correlation and an appreciable bias. In this thesis, I was concerned with quantitative evaluation of the effects of mismatches arising from inaccuracies in a number of important system and ocean environmental parameters in a shallow water. The motivation for this study is to examine the biases in the source localization and the sensitivities of the matching results from various mismatches. Using a conventional estimator, I have investigated the bias of range and depth estimates caused by perturbations in array position, as well as ocean environmental parameters through the simulation. Replica fields are calculated using the normal mode methods with the exception of bathymetry case. Also this study examined the sensitivity of MFP to geometric, geoacoustic, and ocean sound speed parameters using the genetic algorithm. And this method is applied to measured data to overcome mismatch and accurately estimate source location with limited a priori environmental information by expanding the parameter search space of MFP to include environmental parameters. As a result, significant biases can be introduced into the depth and range localization predictions of a MFP through erroneous estimates of environmental parameters. It can also be concluded that the impact of mismatch, both summer sound speed and sensor position in water layer, is more serious than the geoacoustic parameters. This implies that simulations of mismatch which consider only a few errors will provide very misleading results on source position. Water depth and bottom bathymetry errors can be offset significantlyit shifted progressively farther away and deeper from the actual source location as the true water depth became shallower. Errors in estimates of the sediment attenuation and density, and basement parameters appear to be of relatively minor importance. From an experimental implementation viewpoint, these result should enable resources to be concentrated on obtaining reliable values for those parameters which are important to know accurately, avoiding unnecessary effort to overdetermine relatively unimportant ones. It is also necessary to understand the types of mismatches in MFP that may be introduced by inaccuracies in the various forward modeling parameters, so that specific types of information deficiencies may be identified and attempts can be made to compensate for them.목차 Abstract = i 목차 = iii List of Figures = vi List of Tables = viii List of Symbols = ix I. 서론 = 1 1.1 연구 배경 = 1 1.2 연구 목적 = 2 1.3 연구 내용 및 구성 = 4 II. 정합장처리 알고리즘 = 6 2.1 해양에서 음파 전달과 모델링 = 6 2.2 정합장처리의 구성 요소 = 8 2.3 정합장 프로세서 = 10 2.3.1 협대역 프로세서 = 10 2.3.2 광대역 프로세서 = 17 2.4 유전자 알고리즘을 이용한 매개변수 역산 = 24 2.4.1 목적함수 = 26 2.4.2 매개변수 초기화 = 27 2.4.3 유전 연산자 = 28 2.4.4 사후 통계 = 29 III. 매개변수 오정합에 대한 수치실험 및 분석 = 32 3.1 오정합 연구 동향 = 32 3.2 수치실험 환경 = 34 3.3 개별 매개변수 오정합 = 36 3.3.1 시스템 매개변수 오정합 = 36 3.3.1.1 주파수 오정합 = 36 3.3.1.2 배열 수심 오정합 = 38 3.3.1.3 배열 경사 오정합 = 40 3.3.2 수층 매개변수 오정합 = 43 3.3.2.1 음속분포 오정합 = 43 3.3.2.2 수심 오정합 = 50 3.3.2.3 해저면 경사 오정합 = 53 3.3.3 해저퇴적층 매개변수 오정합 = 58 3.3.3.1 해저퇴적층 두께 오정합 = 58 3.3.3.2 해저퇴적층 상부음속 오정합 = 61 3.3.3.3 해저퇴적층 하부음속 오정합 = 61 3.3.3.4 해저퇴적층 밀도 오정합 = 63 3.3.3.5 해저퇴적층 감쇠계수 오정합 = 63 3.3.4 저층 매개변수 오정합 = 66 3.3.4.1 저층 음속 오정합 = 66 3.3.4.2 저층 밀도 오정합 = 67 3.3.4.3 저층 감쇠계수 오정합 = 68 3.4 결합된 매개변수 오정합 = 69 3.4.1 수층 수심과 배열 수심과의 오정합 = 70 3.4.2 수층 수심과 배열 경사와의 오정합 = 70 3.4.3 수층 수심과 해저층 음속과의 오정합 = 73 3.4.4 수층 수심과 해저층 밀도와의 오정합 = 73 3.5 종합된 매개변수 오정합 = 76 IV. 오정합에 대한 매개변수의 민감도 분석 = 81 4.1 연구동향 = 81 4.2 매개변수의 민감도 분석 결과 = 82 V. 실측자료의 매개변수 최적화 및 오정합 영향 = 90 5.1 실험 해역의 환경 및 신호 분석 = 90 5.1.1 실험 해역과 음원의 경로 = 90 5.1.2 수직 선배열과 예인 음원 = 91 5.1.3 실험 환경 = 92 5.1.4 신호의 스펙트로그램 분석 = 94 5.2 매개변수 역산과 음원 위치 추적 = 95 5.3 역산된 실험 자료의 오정합 영향 분석 = 101 VI. 결론 = 106 참고 문헌 = 10

Incidental Diagnosis of Pediatric Arytenoid Cartilage Dislocation During Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study: A Case Report

Arytenoid cartilage dislocation is one of the most common mechanical causes of vocal fold immobility. The most common etiologies are intubation and external trauma, but its incidence is lower than 0.1%. Its symptoms include dysphonia, vocal fatigue, loss of vocal control, breathiness, odynophagia, dysphagia, dyspnea, and cough. Although there are some reports of arytenoid cartilage dislocation in adults, there are only few reports on its occurrence in children. It is particularly difficult to detect the symptoms of arytenoid cartilage dislocation in uncooperative pediatric patients with brain lesions without verbal output or voluntary expression. We report a case of arytenoid cartilage dislocation with incidental findings in a videofluoroscopic swallowing study performed to evaluate the swallowing function.ope

Determinants of Hip and Femoral Deformities in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Objective: To find factors affecting hip and femoral deformities in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) by comparing various clinical findings with imaging studies including plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) imaging. Methods: Medical records of 709 children with spastic CP who underwent thorough baseline physical examination and functional assessment between 2 to 6 years old were retrospectively reviewed. Fifty-seven children (31 boys and 26 girls) who had both plain radiography of the hip and three-dimensional CT of the lower extremities at least 5 years after baseline examination were included in this study. Results: The mean age at physical examination was 3.6 years (SD=1.6; range, 2-5.2 years) and the duration of follow-up imaging after baseline examination was 68.4 months (SD=22.0; range, 60-124 months). The migration percentage correlated with motor impairment and the severity of hip adductor spasticity (R1 angle of hip abduction with knee flexion). The femoral neck and shaft angle correlated with the ambulation ability and severity of hip adductor spasticity (R1 and R2 angles of hip abduction with both knee flexion and extension). Conclusion: Hip subluxation and coxa valga deformity correlated with both dynamic spasticity and shortening of hip adductor muscles. However, we found no correlation between femoral deformities such as femoral anteversion, coxa valga, and hip subluxation.ope

Mozart Piano Concerto 1악장의 Oiginal Cadenza에 관한 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :음악학과 피아노전공,1999.Maste

바실러스 세레우스 박테리오파지 BPS13에서 분리한 엔돌라이신, LysBPS13의 특성 규명

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농생명공학부, 2012. 2. 유상렬.Use of bacteriophages as biocontrol agents is promising tool to control pathogenic bacteria including antibiotics-resistant bacteria. Not only bacteriophages but also endolysins, which are the peptidoglycan hydrolyzing enzymes encoded by bacteriophages, have high potential for applications as biocontrol agents for foodborne pathogens. In this study, a putative endolysin gene was identified from the genome of the bacteriophage BPS13, which infects Bacillus cereus. In silico analysis of this endolysin, designated LysBPS13 showed that LysBPS13 consists with N-terminal catalytic domain (PRGP domain) and C-terminal cell wall binding domain (SH3_5 domain). Further characterization with the purified LysBPS13 revealed that this endolysin is an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, whose activity was not dependent on metal ions. Especially LysBPS13 has remarkable thermostability in the presence of glycerol as LysBPS13 showed lytic activity even after boiling for 30 min. Taken together, LysBPS13 can be considered as a favorable candidate as a new antimicrobial agent to control B. cereus in food products.최근 항생제 내성 균주의 출현빈도가 높아지고 병원균을 제어하기 위한 친환경 소재에 대한 관심이 급증함에 따라 이에 대한 연구가 중요시 되고 있다. 박테리오파지는 높은 특이성을 가지고 특정 미생물에만 작용하여 용균작용을 일으키는 바이러스로, 박테리오파지와 파지에 의해 발현되는 펩티도글리칸 가수분해효소인 엔돌라이신이 식중독균을 제어하기 위한 바이오컨트롤 제재로 각광 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 바실러스 세레우스을 특이적으로 저해하는 박테리오파지 BPS13을 분리, BPS13 유래 엔돌라이신, LysBPS13의 특성을 규명하였다. 바이오인포메틱스 프로그램을 통한 분석 결과, 834 염기쌍의 LysBPS13은 N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase과 높은 상동성을 보였으며, 각각 N말단과 C말단 부분에 효소 활성 도메인과 세포벽 결합 도메인을 갖고 있었다. 그 숙주 범위는 독소를 생성하는 바실러스 세레우스와 써린지언시스에 국한되었으며 효소 활성 나타낼 때 조효소를 필요로 하지 않았다. 특히 LysBPS13은 글리세롤과 함께 있을 때 30분 동안 열을 가하고 난 후에도 안정된 항균활성을 보임을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 LysBPS13의 특성을 통해 새로운 항균물질로서의 가능성을 제시 할 수 있다.Maste