12 research outputs found

    Enhancing VAEs for Collaborative Filtering: Flexible Priors & Gating Mechanisms

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์ •๋ณด์œตํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ์„œ๋ด‰์›.Since Matrix Factorization based linear models have been dominant in the Collaborative Filtering context for a long time in the past, Neural Network based CF Models for recommendation have started to gain attention recently. One branch of research is based on using deep generative models to model user preferences and Variational Autoencoders where shown to give state-of-the-art results. However, there are some potentially problematic characteristics of the current Variational Autoencoder for CF. The first is the too simplistic prior VAEs incorporate for learning the latent representations of user preference, which may be restricting the model from learning more expressive and richer latent variables that could boost recommendation performance. The other is the models inability to learn deeper representations with more than one hidden layer. Our goal is to incorporate appropriate techniques in order to mitigate the aforementioned problems of Variational Autoencoder CF and further improve the recommendation performance of VAE based Collaborative Fil-tering. We bring the VampPrior, which successfully made improvements for image generation to tackle the restrictive prior problem. We also adopt Gat-ed Linear Units (GLUs) which were used in stacked convolutions for lan-guage modeling to control information flow in the easily deepening auto-encoder framework. We show that such simple priors (in original VAEs) may be too restric-tive to fully model user preferences and setting a more flexible prior gives significant gains. We also show that VAMP priors coupled with gating mechanisms outperform SOTA results including the Variational Autoencoder for Collaborative Filtering by meaningful margins on 4 benchmark datasets (MovieLens, Netflix, Pinterest, Melon).์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‰ด๋Ÿด๋„ท ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ์ถ”์ฒœ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊นŠ์€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜• (Deep Generative Model)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘ Variational Autoencoder๋ฅผ (VAE) ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ตœ๊ทผ state-of-the-art (SOTA) ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ VAE๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊นŠ์€ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”์™€ ๋””์ฝ”๋”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ตœ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ž์„  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  VAE๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜‘์—…ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „๋ถ„ํฌ (Flexible Prior)๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ฒซ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ VampPrior๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ VampPrior๋ฅผ Gating Mechanisim๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์กด SOTA๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ์ถ”์ฒœ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Research Goal 3 1.3 Enhancing VAEs for Collaborative Filtering 3 1.4 Experiments 5 1.5 Contributions 5 2 RELATED WORK 7 2.1 Collaborative Filtering 7 2.1.1 Traditional methods & Matrix-Factorization based CF 8 2.1.2 Autoencoders for CF 12 2.2 Deep Generative Models (VAE) 17 2.2.1 Variational Bayes 18 2.2.2 Variational Autoencoder 18 2.3 Variational Autoencoder for Collaborative Filtering 20 2.3.1 VAE for CF 21 2.4 Recent research in Computer Vision & Deep Learning 24 2.4.1 VampPrior 24 2.4.2 Gated CNN 25 3 METHOD 28 3.1 Flexible Prior 29 3.1.1 Motivation 29 3.1.2 VampPrior 30 3.1.3 Hierarchical Stochastic Units 31 3.2 Gating Mechanism 32 3.2.1 Motivation 32 3.2.2 Gated Linear Units 34 4 EXPERIMENT 35 4.1 Setup 35 4.1.1 Baseline Models 35 4.1.2 Proposed Models 37 4.1.3 Strong Generalization 37 4.1.4 Evaluation Metrics 38 4.2 Datasets 38 4.3 Configurations 39 4.4 Results 40 4.4.1 Model Performance 40 4.4.5 Further Analysis on the Effect of Gating 44 5 CONCLUSION 45 Bibliography 47 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 51Maste

    The Labor Union & its Effects on Human Resource Development Program

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    ์กฐ์ง๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ ธ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธํŒจ๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์šด์˜์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์—ฌ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์šด์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์–ด ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ธ์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ด€์—ฌ๋„๋Š” ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ธ์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์šด์˜์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.The present study explores how labor unions influence the effects of human resource development(HRD) programs. The results of empirical studies reveal the mixed results about the labor union and HRD program effectiveness. On one hand, labor union has negative interactions with HRD investments; on the other hand, labor union improves the effectiveness of HRD programs when HRD programs are provided in various formats. Thus, in unionized workplaces, company managers must put emphasis on the labor unions when they design and implement HRD programs

    Research Trends in Lifelong Education Programs for Developmental Disabilities

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