산소 작용기 제어를 통한 그래핀 옥사이드의 밴드 갭 조절

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 재료공학부, 2019. 2. 박종래.Graphene is a two-dimensional nanomaterial with carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Due to its excellent physical, optical and electrical properties, various applications have been proposed. Particularly, when graphene is applied to a transistor device, it becomes possible to integrate more transistors on a circuit than a silicon semiconductor. However, graphene is semimetal with band gap close to zero, which make it not suitable for realizing a logic circuit. Therefore, studies for increasing the band gap of graphene have been actively conducted in various fields. Among them, the method of utilizing the oxygen functional group of graphene oxide, which is an intermediate stage of graphene synthesis, is excellent in commercial value in that the process is simple and mass production is possible. In addition, analogous effects can be obtained without introducing hetero elements, and the hydrophilicity of the graphene is enhanced due to the oxygen functional group, which enables various applications. However, experimental data on how various oxygen functional groups affect the band structure of each graphene are insufficient, and the application of graphene oxide to the transistor material is very limited. Therefore, in order to overcome these limitations, this study investigate the specific relationship between the oxygen functional group of graphene and the electrical properties including band gap. For the purpose, different reduction reactions were applied to graphene oxide, and the composition of the functional groups were adjusted by controlling degree of reduction. The changed band gaps were measured to analyze the quantitative relationship with the functional groups. Analysis of the relationship between the material properties and electrical properties of graphene showed that single and double bonds of carbon and oxygen have significantly different effects on the band gap. Also, the band gap tuning effect of the hydroxyl group was figured out to be tenuous. Based on the analytical results, we suggested the synthesis direction for synthesizing graphene with specific performance. The results of this experiment can be expected to improve the usability of graphene oxide in electronic devices.그래핀은 탄소 원자가 육방 격자로 배열된 2차원 나노물질이며, 뛰어난 물리적, 광학적, 전기적 성질로 인해 다양한 응용이 제시되어 왔다. 특히 그래핀을 트랜지스터 소자에 적용하면 실리콘 반도체 이상의 집적화가 가능하게 된다. 그러나 그래핀은 밴드 갭이 0에 가까운 반금속으로, 논리 회로를 구현하는 데에는 적절하지 않다. 따라서 그래핀의 밴드 갭을 증가시키기 위한 연구가 다방면에서 활발하게 진행되어 왔다. 그 중에서도 흑연을 산화시켜 박리한 형태인 그래핀 옥사이드의 산소 작용기를 활용하는 방법은, 공정이 경제적이고 대량 생산이 가능하다는 점에서 상업적 가치가 뛰어나다. 더불어 이종 원소를 도입하지 않고도 유사한 효과를 이끌어낼 수 있고, 산소 작용기로 인해 그래핀의 친수성이 향상되어 다양한 응용이 가능하다. 그런데 다양한 종류의 산소 작용기들이 각각 그래핀의 밴드구조에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지에 대한 실험적인 자료가 미비하고, 그로 인해 그래핀 옥사이드의 트랜지스터 재료에의 적용이 매우 제한적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 한계점을 극복하기 위해서, 그래핀의 산소 작용기와 밴드 갭을 비롯한 전기적 성질과의 실험적 관계를 연구하였다. 이를 위해 그래핀 옥사이드에 서로 다른 종류의 환원 반응을 적용하였고, 환원 정도를 조절하여 작용기의 조성을 제어하였다. 그리고 그로써 변화한 밴드 갭을 측정하여 작용기와의 정량적 관계를 분석하였다. 이와 같이 그래핀의 재료적 성질과 전기적 성질의 관계를 분석한 결과, 그래핀 원자와 산소 원자의 서로 다른 결합이 밴드 갭에 미치는 영향이 상당히 다름을 보였다. 또한 수산기의 밴드 갭 조율 효과는 매우 미비한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석 결과를 바탕으로 특정 성능을 갖는 그래핀을 합성하기 위한 합성 방향성을 제시할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 전자 소자에서 그래핀 옥사이드의 활용성이 향상될 것을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction to Graphene as Transistor Material 1 1.1.1. Properties of Graphene 1 1.1.2. Advantages of Graphene as Transistor Material 3 1.1.3. Issues on Graphene TransistorBand Gap Opening 5 1.1.4. State-of-the-Arts of Band Gap Opening in Graphene 6 1.1.5. Limitations of State-of-the-arts 8 1.2. The strategy and aim 10 1.2.1. Control of Degree of Reduction and Functionality 10 1.2.2. Identification of Relationship between Performance and Chemistry of Reduced Graphene Oxide 11 1.2.3. The Goal of the Study 11 2. Experimental 12 2.1. Preparation of Highly Oxidized Graphene 12 2.1.1. Materials 12 2.1.2. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide: Modified Hummers Method 12 2.2. Reduction of Graphene Oxide 13 2.2.1. Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4) Reduction 13 2.2.2. Hydroiodic Acid (HI) Reduction 14 2.2.3. Thermal Reduction 15 2.3. Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide 15 2.3.1. Material Properties Measurement 15 2.3.2. Electrical Properties Measurement 16 3. Results and Discussion 17 3.1. Chemical Characterization of rGO 17 3.1.1. Variation of Oxygen-containing Functionality with ReductionQualitative Analysis 17 3.1.2. Variation of Oxygen-containing Functionality with ReductionQuantitative Analysis 20 3.1.3. Defect Level Comparison through Raman Spectroscopy of Reduced Graphene Oxide 25 3.2. Electronical Characterization of rGO 27 3.2.1. Band Gap Changes of RGO with Oxygen-containing Functionality 27 3.2.2. Conductivity of Reduced Graphene Oxide Film 28 3.3. Empirical Analysis on Relation between Oxygen Functionality and Band Gap of Graphene 33 3.3.1. Simplified Model for Determining the Effect of oxygen Functionality 33 3.3.2. Band Gap Variation According to sp2 Conjugation Domain 37 3.3.3. Electronical Effects of Individual Functionalities on Band Gap 38 3.4. Increased Efficacy of Reduced Graphene oxide and Future Research 42 3.4.1. Directional Suggestion to Synthesize Graphene of Desired Specification 42 3.4.2. Future Research Direction 43 4. Conclusion 45 Bibliography 46 국문 초록 50Maste

마리오 모레노와 칸틴플라스

2011년은 멕시코를 대표하는 희극 배우 마리오 모레노(Mario Moreno, 1911~1993) 탄생 백주년이 되는 해였다. 멕시코에서는그를 기리는 여러 기념행사가 거국적으로 열렸다. 칸틴플라스(Cantinflas)라는 예명으로 더 유명한 그는 누구도 누리지 못한 영화를 누렸다. 52편의 영화에 출연했으며 디에고 리베라와 루피노 타마요와 같은 당대 최고의 화가들이 그의 모습을 작품 속에 담았다, 서툰 영어 실력으로도 헐리우드에 진출하여 골든 글로브 상을 수상하기까지 하였고, 헐리우드 명예의 광장 바닥에 이름을 새겼다. 그 뿐이 아니다. 그의 얼굴을 담은 우표가 발행되었으며, 스페인어 사전에 그의 예명칸틴플라스에서 파생된 단어가 세 개나 등록되기도 하였다

북한 경제개혁과 안보환경의 상호작용: 북한·중국 비교연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 국제대학원 : 국제학과, 2014. 2. 이근.This dissertation is a comparative study of influences from security environment to economic reform decisions in China and North Korea, which resulted in a sharp contrast of economic consequences between the two countries. The puzzle was why North Korea did not, or failed to launch a comprehensive economic reform and opening as China did starting in the late 1970s. Many previous studies on the socialist economic reform, particularly on China, concentrates on the conditions of leadership change or urgent domestic needs to be the major causes of economic reform and opening. But there had been limitations in explanations on the North Korea case which were partly due to the lack of consideration of an additional condition, the influence of external factors. This study argues that the external factors, mainly the security environments, is one of major constraints of reform. Since the basic purpose of a socialist leadership was to keep their political regime safe and stable with economic prosperity, the reform decisions could not be allowed without a guarantee of regime security. In their interactions with the outside world, the security environment should be interpreted as supportive and utilizable for economic development with keeping the political regime safe. If the interpretations turned out as bringing more political threat than economic benefit, they became constraints of reform and opening. Four particular periods were selected for case studies on China and North Korea, two for each country regarding the critical years of reform attempts. The success or failure of each reform attempts found their causes from the interaction between the leadership and security environments. These interactions were reflected in the decisions of economic reform through two routes of influences, the political discourse and the political dynamics. One route is the intentional change of political discourses. When the security environments were interpreted as having improved, the leadership could utilize this as an opportunity to facilitate the pro-reform political discourses in their ideological slogans and propaganda. Another route is the construction of political dynamics. The improvements in security environments helped the top leadership to construct the pro-reform political dynamics among elites, empowering the economic experts to promote pragmatic economic measures. The cases on China dealt with two periods, one around the year 1978 and the other 1992, both critical years of reform and opening. The former was the starting point of reform with the rise of new leadership, and the latter was the second breakthrough which took place despite temporary retreat after the Tiananmen Incident and the end of the Cold War. The security environments were interpreted as becoming supportive by the reform leaders, and they managed to change the political discourses toward pragmatism and construct the political dynamics to shift power to the reformers. In North Korea, the two cases dealt with the periods around the year 1984 and 2002, times during which the leadership of Kim Jong Il had pursued certain pro-reform economic measures. There were a series of economic measures, including the Equity Joint Venture Law in 1984 and the announcement of the July 1st Measures in 2002, which however turned out to be limited and temporary in their effects. Security environments were fluctuating and significantly deteriorated right after the initiation of these reform attempts. The political discourses quickly returned to anti-foreign concepts and intensified with the military-oriented slogans due to the international changes interpreted as increasing threats. In political dynamics, the economic experts conducted the pro-reform measures whereas the conservative Party and military leaders maintained their superior political power. Although the economic experts had clear intentions of economic reform, the deterioration of security environments easily shifted the political power to the conservative leaders to put priority on military buildup and ideological mobilizations. The Chinese and North Korean leadership had clearly different interpretations on their security environments, influenced by accumulated historical memories and their interactions with the superpowers, neighboring countries, and another part of divided nation. Security environment of China was selectively utilized as opportunities with continuous improvements to facilitate pro-reform discourses and pro-reform dynamics. This resulted in continuous progress of the reform decisions. In North Korea, however, security environment was interpreted as rapidly deteriorating due the prolonged suspicions on foreign powers and conflicts with South Korea and the United States. This made North Korea intensify the anti-foreign discourses and limit pro-reform political dynamics. After several decades of these repeated interactions between external factors and the leadership, the economic performances turned out quite different in two countries. Now that a third generation leader Kim has emerged, North Korea is again seeking opportunities for economic reform and development while simultaneously seeking to preserve political regime security. This study provides some insights to both North and South Korea in terms of the changes in the security environments and the consequent policy decisions which changed the interaction dynamic between economic reform and regime security.ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I. INTRODUCTION 1. A Puzzle on North Korea's Economic Reform Attempts 2. Research Methodology 3. Overview of the Chapters II. LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE NORTH KOREA PUZZLE 1. Limitations of the Political Liberalization Thesis 2. Limitations of the Leadership Change Thesis 3. Limitations of the Domestic Needs Thesis 4. External Factors: Additional Condition for Reform III. ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION 1. A Balanced Combination of Conditions 2. External Factors as the Constraints of Reform IV. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 1. Influences from Security Environments to Reform Decisions 2. Two Routes of Influences 3. Frameworks for China and North Korea 4. Propositions V. CASE 1: CHINA IN 1978 1. Putting the Reform and Opening on Track 2. From a Socialist State to a Developing Country 3. Power Shift from Revolutionaries to Technocrats VI. CASE 2: CHINA IN 1992 1. Pushing Forward the Reform amid Crises 2. A Developing Country with "Chinese Characteristics" 3. Technocrats Competing within the Reform Frame VII. CASE 3: NORTH KOREA IN 1984 1. Short-lived Reform Insufficient for Revival 2. No Expiration Date for Anti-Foreign Discourse 3. Limited Political Powers of the Economic Experts VIII. CASE 4: NORTH KOREA IN 2002 1. Geared for Reform but Trapped in Crises 2. "Uri-sik" Combined with "Military First" 3. Division of Dynamics in the Military and the Economy IX. CHINA & NORTH KOREA: BETWEEN REFORM AND SECURITY X. CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIXES ABSTRACT IN KOREAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSDocto

NR4A1 Regulates Tamoxifen Resistance by Suppressing ERK Signaling in ER-Positive Breast Cancer

Endocrine therapy is used to treat estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Tamoxifen is effective against this cancer subtype. Nonetheless, approximately 30% of patients treated with tamoxifen acquire resistance, resulting in therapeutic challenges. NR4A1 plays key roles in processes associated with carcinogenesis, apoptosis, DNA repair, proliferation, and inflammation. However, the role of NR4A1 in tamoxifen-resistant ER-positive breast cancer has not yet been elucidated. Here, we propose that NR4A1 is a promising target to overcome tamoxifen resistance. NR4A1 gene expression was downregulated in tamoxifen-resistant MCF7 (TamR) cells compared to that in MCF7 cells. Kaplan-Meier plots were used to identify high NR4A1 expression correlated with increased survival rates in patients with ER-positive breast cancer following tamoxifen treatment. Gain and loss of function experiments showed that NR4A1 restores sensitivity to tamoxifen by regulating cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. NR4A1 localized to the cytoplasm enhanced the expression of apoptotic factors. In silico and in vitro analyses revealed that NR4A1 enhanced responsiveness to tamoxifen by suppressing ERK signaling in ER-positive breast cancer, suggesting that the NR4A1/ERK signaling axis modulates tamoxifen resistance. These results indicate that NR4A1 could be a potential therapeutic target to overcome tamoxifen resistance in ER-positive breast cancer.ope

Treatment Outcomes of Rituximab Plus Hyper-CVAD in Korean Patients with Sporadic Burkitt or Burkitt-like Lymphoma: Results of a Multicenter Analysis

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate outcomes in adult patients with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) or Burkitt-like lymphoma treated with an rituximab plus hyper-CVAD (R-hyper-CVAD) regimen by focusing on tolerability and actual delivered relative dose intensity (RDI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients ≥ 20 years of age and pathologically diagnosed with BL or Burkitt-like lymphoma were treated with at least one cycle of R-hyper-CVAD as the first-line treatment in this study. Eligible patients' case report forms were requested from their physicians to obtain clinical and laboratory data for this retrospective study. RESULTS: Forty-three patients (median age, 51 years) from 14 medical centers in Korea were analyzed, none of which were infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The majority of patients had advanced diseases, and 24 patients achieved a complete response (75.0%). After a median follow-up period of 20.0 months, 2-year event-free and overall survival rates were 70.9% and 81.4%, respectively. Eleven patients (25.6%) were unable to complete the R-hyper-CVAD regimen, including six patients due to early death. The RDIs of adriamycin, vincristine, methotrexate, and cytarabine were between 60% and 65%, which means less than 25% of patients received greater than 80% of the planned dose of each drug. Poor performance status was related to the lower RDIs of doxorubicin and methotrexate. CONCLUSION: R-hyper-CVAD showed excellent treatment outcomes in patients who were suitable for dose-intense chemotherapy. However, management of patients who are intolerant to a dose-intense regimen remains problematic due to the frequent occurrence of treatmentrelated complications.ope

Update on the POEMS syndrome

POEMS syndrome is an acronym for polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes. It is a rare paraneoplastic disorder related to plasma cell neoplasm. However, its pathophysiology has not yet been clearly elucidated. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of POEMS syndrome. Vascular endothelial growth factor level reflects disease activity, which is helpful for the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment response. Conventional agents such as corticosteroids and melphalan are effective and safe combination regimens. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is another option for high-risk transplant-eligible patients. Radiotherapy is effective in patients with localized lesions. The anti-myeloma agents lenalidomide, thalidomide, and bortezomib have shown good treatment outcomes for POEMS syndrome; however, large-scale studies with long-term follow-up are required. Early identification and active treatment can improve the outcomes of POEMS syndrome patients.ope

The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Among Career Development Competency, Parents Career Support Behavior and School Adjustment of Middle School Students

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 농산업교육과, 2021. 2. 정철영.The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship among career development competency, parents career support behavior and school adjustment of middle school students in South Korea. To accomplish the goal, first the level of career development competency, parents career support behavior, school adjustment, self-efficacy is evaluated by middle school students. And whether there exists difference between the level of career development competency, parents career support behavior, school adjustment, self-efficacy according to the gender, grade, region is verified. Second, I investigated the relationship among career development competency, parents career support behavior and school adjustment of secondary school students. Third, the mediating effect through self-efficacy in the relationship between career development competency, parents career support behavior and school adjustment is examined. The instrument was adopted from preceding research and slightly adjusted toward study objects. the reliability and validity of the instruments were identified based on experts review and pilot survey result. Data were collected through postal questionnaire survey from September 28, 2020 to October 23, 2020. The target sample size was 420 and 45 responses containing careless responding were removed. A total of 375 responses were utilized for final analysis. For the analysis, SPSS 26.0 Statistics Program for Windows was utilized and desciptive analysis including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation as well as multi-variate regression analysis, bootstrapping were used. The results of study can be summarized as the following. First, the level of all the variables are above the average. Also, there has been abserved a statistically significant difference according to the gender, in career development competency, school friends and school life. Second, parents career support behavior, school adjustment and self-efficacy have a positive relationship with career development competency. In addition, as subfactors mothers offering career information, school study, school friends and self-efficacy have a meaningful positive relationship with career development competency. Third, self-efficacy partially mediates the relationship between parents career support behavior and career development competency. Also, it has mediating effect between school adjustment and career development competency. Based on the results, the following conclusion were made. First, Parents Career Support Behavior, School Adjustment and Self-Efficacy are considered as factors have an direct effect on career development competency of middle school students. Second, self-efficacy showed mediating effect partially between parents career support behavior and career development competency. third, self-efficacy showed mediating effect partially between school adjustment and career development competency. Suggestions for the future research are as follows. First, detailed research on career development competencies according to the general characteristics of middle school students is needed. Second, it is necessary to conduct a study on more effective parental career support behaviors by studying parents and children together on parental career support behaviors. Third, it is necessary to conduct research by expanding the research subject according to the school level. Practical suggestions based on the research results are as follows. First, it is necessary to provide support according to gender in adapting to school. Second, it is necessary to prepare practical support plans for providing career information at home. Third, there is a need to prepare a program to cultivate a sense of self-efficacy.본 연구의 목적은 중학생의 진로개발역량과 부모진로지원행동 및 학교적응의 관계에서 자기효능감의 매개효과를 구명하는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 첫째, 중학생의 진로개발역량, 부모진로지원행동, 학교적응, 자기효능감의 수준을 파악하고 이들 변인이 성별, 학년, 지역에 따라 수준 차이가 있는지검증하였다. 둘째, 중학생의 진로개발역량, 부모진로지원행동 및 학교적응, 자기효능감의 관계를 구명하였다. 셋째, 중학생의 진로개발역량과 부모진로지원행동 및 학교적응의 관계에서 자기효능감의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 연구 수행에 있어 선행연구의 조사 도구를 일부 수정하여 활용하였으며 전문가 검토와 예비조사를 통해 도구의 타당도와 신뢰도를 확인하였다. 자료 수집은 2020년 9월 28일부터 10월 23일까지 우편조사를 통해 이루어졌으며, 목표 표집 수 420부 중 불성실응답 설문 45부를 제외하고 총 375부의 설문을 활용하여 최종분석을 진행하였다. 자료 분석은 Window SPSS 26.0 프로그램을 사용하여 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차 등의 기술통계와 중다회귀분석 및 부트스트래핑을 실시하였다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 모든 변인은 보통보다 높은 수준인 것으로 나타났고 진로개발역량과 학교적응의 하위요인 중 학교친구, 학교생활에서 성별에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 부모진로지원행동, 학교적응, 자기효능감은 진로개발역량과 정적 상관관계를 보였으며 모의 진로지원행동, 학교적응, 자기효능감이 진로개발역량에 유의미한 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 하위요인별로 모 진로정보제공, 학교공부, 학교친구, 자기효능감이 진로개발역량에 유의미한 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 부 진로지원행동과 진로개발역량의 관계에서 자기효능감이 부분매개하는 것으로 나타났고, 모 진로지원행동과 진로개발역량의 관계에서 자기효능감이 부분매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 통해 도출된 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모진로지원행동과 학교적응, 자기효능감은 중학생의 진로개발역량에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 둘째, 부모진로지원행동과 중학생의 진로개발역량의 관계에서 자기효능감은 부분 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 중학생의 학교적응 수준과 진로개발역량의 관계에서 자기효능감은 부분 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 후속 연구를 위한 제언은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중학생의 일반적 특성에 따른 진로개발역량에 대한 구체적인 연구가 필요하다. 둘째, 부모진로지원행동에 대하여 부모와 자녀를 함께 연구함으로써 보다 효과적인 부모진로지원행동에 대한 연구가 수행될 필요가 있다. 셋째, 학교급에 따라 연구대상을 확대하여 연구를 수행할 필요가 있다. 연구 결과에 따른 실천적 제언은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학교적응에 있어 성별에 따른 지원이 이루어질 필요가 있다. 둘째, 가정에서의 진로정보제공을 위한 실질적인 지원 방안을 마련할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 자기효능감의 함양을 위한 프로그램이 마련될 필요가 있다.I. 서론 1 1. 연구의 필요성 1 2. 연구 목적 5 3. 연구 문제 5 4. 용어의 정의 7 5. 연구의 제한점 7 II. 이론적 배경 9 1. 중학생 진로발달 특성 및 실태 9 2. 진로개발역량 12 3. 부모진로지원행동 26 4. 학교적응 33 5. 자기효능감 38 6. 변인 간 관계 43 Ⅲ. 연구 방법 53 1. 연구 모형 53 2. 연구 대상 54 3. 조사 도구 58 4. 자료 수집 64 5. 자료 분석 65 Ⅳ. 연구 결과 69 1. 자료의 일반적 특성 69 2. 일반적 특성에 따른 진로개발역량, 부모진로지원행동, 학교적응, 자기효능감의 수준 차이 74 3. 부모진로지원행동 및 학교적응, 자기효능감과 진로개발역량의 관계 84 4. 부모진로지원행동 및 학교적응과 진로개발역량의 관계에서 자기효능감의 매개효과 88 5. 논의 95 Ⅴ. 요약, 결론 및 제언 105 1. 요약 105 2. 결론 108 3. 제언 110 참고문헌 115 부록 142 【부록 1】설문지 142 【부록 2】조사 도구 수정 153 Abstract 163Maste

주택 시장을 통한 통화정책 신용 경로의 유효성 분석 : VAR 부호제약 모형을 이용한 분석

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사회과학대학 경제학부, 2018. 2. 김소영.The main purpose of this paper is to verify that the credit channel of monetary policy, especially the balance sheet channel, is effective through the housing market. In general, the decrease in house price after the contractionary monetary policy is accompanied by the decrease in consumer loans and consumption level. For the analysis, VAR model is implemented and the shocks are identified with sign restrictions. To be specific, this paper estimates the effects of monetary policy shocks by imposing sign restrictions on the impulse responses of real GDP, prices including CPI and commodity price, non-borrowed reserves, total reserves and Federal Funds rate. And no restrictions are imposed on housing variables including house price, house quantity, mortgage rates and consumer loans and consumption level. First, an indirect effect of an interest rate change which occurs through the change in house price would be analyzed. Second, a direct effect of an interest rate change which occurs through the mortgage rate would be analyzed. Finally, how the consumer loans are influenced would be analyzed which reflects a contraction of loan supply originated by the credit channel.1 Introduction 1 2 Literature Review 4 2.1 VAR identication with sign restrictions 5 2.1.1 Uhlig(2005) 5 2.2 Housing Market 6 2.2.1 Vargas-Silva(2007) 6 2.2.2 Lastrapes(2001) 7 2.3 The Credit Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission 8 2.3.1 Mishkin (2007), Elbourne(2008) 8 2.3.2 Iaocoviello and Minetti(2008) 9 3 Data 10 3.1 Data of overall Economic Status 10 3.2 Housing market Data 11 3.2.1 House Price 12 3.2.2 House Quantity 12 3.2.3 Eective Interest Rate of adjustable rate Mortgage 13 3.2.4 Consumer Loans 14 3.3 The Source of Data 14 4 Model 16 4.1 VAR analysis 16 4.1.1 The sign restriction 16 4.2 The Credit Channel of Monetary policy transmission 23 5 Results 24 5.1 Details of Method 24 5.2 House Price 26 5.3 House Quantity 27 5.3.1 New One Family Houses Sold 27 5.4 Mortgage Rate 29 5.4.1 Adjustable Mortgage Rate 29 5.5 Consumer Loans 31 5.6 Consumption 32 5.6.1 House Price and House Quantity 32 5.6.2 Mortgage Rate 33 5.6.3 Consumer Loans 34 5.6.4 Overall 35 6 Robustness 36 6.1 House Price 36 6.2 House Quantity 37 6.3 Adjustable Mortgage rate 37 6.4 Consumer Credits 38 6.5 Consumption 38 7 Conclusion 40Maste

남성관리자를 중심으로

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 행정학과(정책학전공), 2022. 8. 이수영.본 연구는 가족친화제도의 활용 가능도에 대한 인식 정도에 주목하여 그것이 남성 관리자의 조직 몰입 정도에 미치는 영향을 탐색하였으며, 또한 이를 통해서 남성 관리자들의 조직 몰입을 좀더 향상시키기 위한 요인을 도출하여 일-가정 병행의 해결책을 제시함과 동시에 조직 관리에 유용한 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구는 ‘재직하는 직장의 가정친화제도 활용가능도가 높다고 인식할수록 직장의 문제와 본인의 문제를 동일시하는 강도가 높아질 것이다’, ‘재직하는 직장의 가정친화제도 활용가능도가 높다고 인식할수록 이직의도는 낮아질 것이다’ 등 2개의 가설을 다중회귀분석을 통해 검증하였다. 실증분석 결과, 직장이나 국가적 차원에서 제공하는 가정친화제도 중 아주 일부제도의 활용 가능도에 대한 인식만이 남성 관리자의 조직몰입에 유의미한 긍정적 영향을 미치고 있었다. 구체적으로 살펴보면 출산전후휴가(배우자 휴가 포함), 직장 보육시설 제도, 육아기 근로시간 단축제의 3개 제도 중 육아기 근로시간 단축제만이 그것의 활용 가능도에 대한 인식 정도가 강해질수록 남성 관리자의 조직 동일시 정도를 높이는 것으로 나타났고, 출산전후휴가 제도와 직장 보육시설 제도 등 나머지 제도들의 활용 가능도에 대한 인식 정도는 조직 동일시와 이직의향 강도 등 조직 몰입에 유의미한 긍정적 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 실증적 분석은 기존 선행연구들이 주로 분석하지 않은 ‘남성’ 관리자들의 가족친화제도의‘활용 가능도’에 대한 인식 정도를 독립변수로 하여 이것이 조직 몰입도에 미치는 영향을 검증하고, 정책 대상자인 남성들에게 좀더 어필하고 실효성 있는 효과를 기대할 수 있는 가족친화제도가 향후 나아가야 할 방향에 대한 가이드라인을 제시하는 것을 도울 수 있었다는 데에 그 의미가 있다. 또한 특정 가족친화제도의 도입이나 시행에 성공했다고 하여 모두 조직원들에게 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것이 아니라는 것을 밝혀냈다. 이는 가족친화제도의 유무나 도입 그 자체에만 만족할 것이 아니라, 일과 가정의 성공적인 병행과 그로 인한 조직원의 직무 몰입도 향상 및 사기 진작 등 추가적인 성과라는 성공적인 효과를 기대하기 위해서는 이후에도 지속적인 연구와 사후 분석, 치밀한 관리가 필요함을 뜻한다. 마지막으로 직장보육시설 제도나 출산전후휴가 제도보다 육아기 근로시간 단축제도가 남성 관리자들의 조직 동일시에 더 실효성이 있다는 검증 결과를 토대로 하여, 근무 시간 동안에도 근거리에 돌보아야 하는 아동이 있게 하거나 아예 일정 기간 동안 근무 환경에서 이탈할 수 있게 하는 것보다는 정해진 일정 범위 안에서 육아를 위해 유연하게 기존보다 근무 시간을 낮출 수 있게 하는 것이 더 기대에 적합할 수 있음을 시사하였다.Focusing on the level of perception on the availability of the family-friendly system, this study explored the effect of the family-friendly system on male managers' organizational commitment. Through this study, we would like to find factors that can further improve the organizational commitment of male managers, and present a solution for dual pursuit of work and family and suggest useful implications for organizational management at the same time. In this study, we verified two hypotheses mentioned below through multiple regression analysis; The more male managers perceive that the family-friendly system at the current workplace is highly available, the higher the intensity of their equating workplace problems with his own problems. The more male managers perceive that the family-friendly system at the current workplace is highly available, the lower their turnover intention. As a result of empirical analysis, it was found that the perception on the availability of only a few family-friendly systems provided at the workplace or national level had a significant positive effect on male managers' organizational commitment. In detail, the higher the level of perception on the availability of only one systems, such as working time reduction system during the childcare period, the more the degree of organizational identification of male managers were likely to increase. But the degree of perception on the availability of other systems, such as the maternity leave system (including the leave of spouse) before and after the childbirth, the workplace childcare facility system, was found to have no significant positive effect on organizational commitment such as organizational identification and intensity of turnover intention. The empirical analysis of this study aimed to verify the effect of the family-friendly system on organizational commitment of male managers using the degree of their perception on the availability of the family-friendly system as an independent variable, which had not been analyzed in previous studies. This study is significant in the sense that we were able to help present guidelines for the future direction of the family-friendly system, which can be more appealing and effective for men, the policy target groups. In addition, it was also revealed in this study that even if a specific family-friendly system was successfully introduced or implemented, it does not mean that every one of them had a significant effect on the members of organization. This indicates that we should not be just satisfied with the existence or introduction of a family-friendly system, but we are in need of continuous research, follow-up analysis, and meticulous management of the family-friendly system in order to expect successful effects such as dual pursuit of work and family, improvement in job immersion of organization members, and boost of their morale. Finally, it was also revealed in this study that the reduced working hour system during childcare are more effective for male managers' organizational identification than the maternity leave system or workplace childcare facilities. It was also found in this study that flexibly reducing working hours to a certain extent for childcare may be more in line with their expectations than allowing the male mangers to keep away from their work completely for a certain period of time or leaving their children in near distances they have to care for even during working hours.제 1 장 서 론 1 제 1절 연구의 배경, 목적 및 필요성 1 제 2 장 이론적 논의와 선행연구 검토 5 제 1 절 이론적 논의 5 1. 가족친화제도 5 2. 조직 몰입 7 3. 사회적 교환관계 9 제 2 절 선행연구 검토 10 1. 일과 가정의 병행의 어려움 10 1) 워라밸 10 2) 사회적 지원과 기업 인식 변화의 필요성 11 3) 국가적 차원에서의 가족친화제도 도입 및 접근에 대한 필요성 12 2. 조직 몰입 15 3. 사회적 교환이론 18 4. 남성과 가족친화제도 사용가능도에 대한 고찰 필요성 22 5. 선행연구의 검토 및 시사점 도출 26 1) 남성 관리자의 조직몰입과 '가족친화제도 사용가능도의 인식 정도'의 관계에 대한 연구 필요성 26 2) '남성' 관리자의 조직몰입과 가족친화제도 사용가능도의 인식 정도의 관계에 대한 연구 필요성 28 3) 조직 몰입: 조직 동일시 및 이직 의향 30 제 3 장 연구의 설계 36 제 1 절 연구자료와 변수 36 1. 연구자료 36 2. 변수 37 1) 독립변수 37 2) 종속변수 38 3) 통제변수 39 제 2 절 연구의 가설 42 제 3 절 연구의 분석자료 및 분석대상 45 1. 분석자료 45 2. 분석대상 46 제 4 절 분석방법 및 분석틀, 분석모형 47 제 4 장 분석 결과 50 제 1 절 기초통계분석 50 1. 통제변수의 기초 통계량 50 1) 개인변수 50 2) 가족변수 51 3) 근로조건변수 52 4) 조직변수 53 2. 독립변수의 기초 통계량 54 3. 종속변수의 기초 통계량 56 제 2 절 다중회귀분석 57 1. 상관관계 분석 결과 57 2. 다중회귀 분석 결과 61 1) 독립변수가 조직 동일시에 미치는 영향(가설 1) 61 2) 독립변수가 이직 의향에 미치는 영향(가설 2) 67 제 3 절 가설의 검증 결과 73 제 5 장 결론 76 제 1 절 연구의 요약 76 제 2 절 연구의 의의 및 시사점 79 제 3 절 연구의 한계 및 앞으로의 연구과제 83 참 고 문 헌 85 Abstract 94 감사의 글 97석

The role of radiotherapy in the management of POEMS syndrome.

BACKGROUND: POEMS syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by an underlying plasma cell proliferative disease. In this study, we examined the treatment outcomes and role of radiotherapy in the management of POEMS syndrome. METHODS: In total, 33 patients diagnosed with POEMS syndrome were analyzed. These patients presented with osteosclerotic myeloma (OSM, n = 13), Castleman's disease (CD, n = 4), OSM with CD (n = 10), and vascular endothelial growth factor elevation without gross lesions (VEGFe, n = 6), respectively. The patients were treated by radiotherapy alone (n = 4), chemotherapy alone (n = 16), or a combination thereof (n = 9). RESULTS: The clinical response rates of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy plus chemotherapy were 75%, 69%, and 89%, respectively. In addition, the hematologic response rates were 50%, 69%, and 71%, respectively. Among the six patients with limited multiple lesions who underwent radiotherapy, the clinical symptoms were improved in five patients after radiotherapy. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 51 months, and the median overall survival (OS) was 65 months. In univariate analysis, the administration of chemotherapy was significantly associated with better PFS (p = 0.007) and OS (p = 0.020). In contrast, underlying VEGFe was a significant factor worsening PFS (p = 0.035) and OS (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy produces a reliable clinical response and is effective in improving POEMS-associated symptoms that are refractory to chemotherapy in selected patients with clustered or limited multiple lesions that can be covered by single radiation field.ope