Mendeleev and the Mathematical Treatment of Observations in Natural Science

AbstractD. I. Mendeleev (1834–1907), the eminent chemist, rejected doubtful experiments and spoke out against amassing observations. He gave thought to eliminating systematic errors and offered a simple test of the “harmony” of observations. Modern statistics has recognized harmony as symmetry of the appropriate density function and has independently quantified asymmetry in accordance with Mendeleev's idea. Mendeleev made mistakes in estimating the plausibility of his data, and he hardly knew Gauss's second formulation of the method of least squares. An analysis of his work sheds light on the level of statistical knowledge in the natural sciences beyond astronomy and geodesy in the late 19th century.Der berühmte Chemiker D. I. Mendeleev (1834–1907) warf zweifelhafte Beobachtungen weg und trat gegen die Anhäufung von Beobachtungen auf. Er hat nach Eliminierung systematischer Fehler gestrebt und ein einfaches Kriterium für die “Harmonie” der Beobachtungen vorgeschlagen. Die moderne Statistik hat Harmonie als Symmetrie der entsprechenden Dichtefunktion anerkannt und hat selbst ein quantitatives Maß der Asymmetrie, das Mendeleev's Idee entspricht, eingeführt. Mendeleev irrte sich bei der Abschätzung der Sicherheit seiner Beobachtungen und war kaum mit der zweiten Gauss'schen Begründung der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate bekannt. Eine Analyse seines Werkes bringt Licht in den Stand der statistischen Kenntnis der Naturwissenschaft des späten 19. Jahrhundert außerhalb der Astronomie und Geodäsie

PLANETSYS, a Computer Program for the Steady State and Transient Thermal Analysis of a Planetary Power Transmission System: User's Manual

The material presented is structured to guide the user in the practical and correct implementation of PLANETSYS which is capable of simulating the thermomechanical performance of a multistage planetary power transmission. In this version of PLANETSYS, the user can select either SKF or NASA models in calculating lubricant film thickness and traction forces

QoS support in embedded networks and NoC

Quality of service (QoS) requirements such as priorities, packet delivery and packet delivery time are important and critical for embedded networks and networkson-chip (NoC) [1]. We consider mechanisms for QoS support in the SpaceFibre, SpaceWire and GigaSpaceWire protocols, possibility of using them in embedded networks and NoC. In the article we analyze approaches for QoS provision, their feasibility and value of QoS in SpaceWire/GigaSpaceWire and in SpaceFibre networks. Networks with different topologies and traffic pattern are used to study and to evaluate the performance. Various traffic types such as the data packets, streaming data, commands will be transmitted in networks. Data delivery characteristics for SpaceFibre and SpaceWire/GigaSpaceWire networks are analyzed and compared. Also we compare characteristics that are achievable in NoC, which are based on QoS mechanisms of SpaceFibre, SpaceWire and GigaSpaceWire. Hardware costs are one of the main constraints for embedded networks and NoC. Therefore we compare hardware costs of basic SpaceFibre, SpaceWire and GigaSpaceWire routers

Design and Simulation of Onboard SpaceWire Networks

The paper describes SpaceWire Automated Network Design and Simulation (SANDS) - the new CAD system for SpaceWire networks. SANDS system supports the full on-board network design and simulation flow, which begins from the network topology automated generation and finishes with getting the network structure, configuration and parameters setting, simulation results and statistics. The paper also provides use cases for SANDS application

The network calculator for NoC buffer space evaluation

In this paper we discuss the problem of choosing the buffer size in the Network-on-Chip routers. This problem is closely related to other problems that arise in NoC's design - choosing of interconnection structure between nodes and data paths in the system. It is a complex multicriteria problem. The design space exploration approach is widely used to solve such problems. In this approach each possible system configuration corresponds to a point in the Design Space. For each point, the user evaluates whether it satisfies its requirements and determine the future direction of motion in Design Space. The network calculators are used to calculate values of the NoC's parameters at each point. We consider the existing methods of buffer sizes calculation, their capabilities and limitations. We suggest the method of buffer space calculation for NoC with arbitrary topology and the algorithm of the corresponding network calculator

A.N. Kolmogorov’s defence of Mendelism

In 1939 N.I. Ermolaeva published the results of an experiment which repeated parts of Mendel’s classical experiments. On the basis of her experiment she concluded that Mendel’s principle that self-pollination of hybrid plants gave rise to segregation proportions 3:1 was false. The great probability theorist A.N. Kolmogorov reviewed Ermolaeva’s data using a test, now referred to as Kolmogorov’s, or Kolmogorov-Smirnov, test, which he had proposed in 1933. He found, contrary to Ermolaeva, that her results clearly confirmed Mendel’s principle. This paper shows that there were methodological flaws in Kolmogorov’s statistical analysis and presents a substantially adjusted approach, which confirms his conclusions. Some historical commentary on the Lysenko-era background is given, to illuminate the relationship of the disciplines of genetics and statistics in the struggle against the prevailing politically-correct pseudoscience in the Soviet Union. There is a Brazilian connection through the person of Th. Dobzhansky