Reconciliation of anti-money laundering instruments and European data protection requirements in permissionless blockchain spaces

Artykuł ten zmierza do pogodzenia wymagań unijnego rozporządzenia o ochronie danych osobowych (RODO) i instrumentów przeciwdziałania praniu brudnych pieniędzy i finansowania terroryzmu (AML/CFT) wykorzystywanych w dostępnych publicznie ekosystemach permissionless bazujących na technologi rozproszonych rejestrów (DLT). Dotychczasowe analizy skupiają się zazwyczaj jedynie na jednej z tych regulacji. Natomiast poddanie analizie ich wzajemnych oddziaływań ujawnia brak ich koherencji w sieciach permissionless DLT. RODO zmusza członków społeczności blockchain do wykorzystywania technologii anonimizujących dane albo przynajmniej zapewniających silną pseudonimizację, aby zapewnić zgodność przetwarzania danych z wymogami RODO. Jednocześnie instrumenty globalnej polityki AML/CFT, które są obecnie implementowane w wielu państwach stosowanie do wymogów ustanawianych przez Financial Action Task Force (FATF), przeciwdziałają wykorzystywaniu technologii anonimizacyjnych wbudowanych w protokoły sieci blockchain. Rozwiązania proponowane w tym artykule mają na celu spowodowanie kształtowania sieci blockchain w taki sposób, aby jednocześnie zabezpieczały one dane osobowe użytkowników zgodnie z wysokimi wymogami RODO, jednocześnie adresując ryzyka AML/CFT kreowane przez transakcje w takiej anonimowej lub silnie pseudonimowej przestrzeni. Poszukiwanie nowych instrumentów polityki państw jest konieczne aby zapewnić że państwa nie będą zwalczać rozwoju wszystkich anonimowych sieci blockchian, gdyż jest to konieczne do zapewnienia ich zdolność do realizacji wysokich wymogów RODO w zakresie ochrony danych przetwarzanych na blockchain. Ten artykuł wskazuje narzędzia AML/CFT, które mogą być pomocne do tworzenia blockchainów wspierających prywatność przy jednoczesnym zapewnieniu wykonalności tych narzędzi AML/CFT. Pierwszym z tych narzędzi jest wyjątkowy dostęp państwa do danych transakcyjnych zapisanych na zasadniczo nie-trantsparentnym rejestrze, chronionych technologiami anonimizacyjnymi. Takie narzędzie powinno być jedynie opcjonalne dla danej sieci (finansowej platformy), jak długo inne narzędzia AML/CFT są wykonalne i są zapewniane przez sieć. Jeżeli żadne takie narzędzie nie jest dostępne, a dana sieć nie zapewni wyjątkowego dostępu państwu (państwom), wówczas regulacje powinny pozwalać danemu państwu na zwalczanie danej sieci (platformy finansowej) jako całości. Efektywne narzędzia w tym zakresie powinny obejmować uderzenie przez państwo (państwa) w wartość natywnej kryptowaluty, a nie ściganie indywidualnych jej użytkowników. Takie narzędzia mogą obejmować atak (cyberatak) państwa lub państw który podważy zaufanie użytkowników do danej sieci.This article is an attempt to reconcile the requirements of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and anti-money laundering and combat terrorist financing (AML/CFT) instruments used in permissionless ecosystems based on distributed ledger technology (DLT). Usually, analysis is focused only on one of these regulations. Covering by this research the interplay between both regulations reveals their incoherencies in relation to permissionless DLT. The GDPR requirements force permissionless blockchain communities to use anonymization or, at the very least, strong pseudonymization technologies to ensure compliance of data processing with the GDPR. At the same time, instruments of global AML/CFT policy that are presently being implemented in many countries following the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force, counteract the anonymity-enhanced technologies built into blockchain protocols. Solutions suggested in this article aim to induce the shaping of permissionless DLT-based networks in ways that at the same time would secure the protection of personal data according to the GDPR rules, while also addressing the money laundering and terrorist financing risks created by transactions in anonymous blockchain spaces or those with strong pseudonyms. Searching for new policy instruments is necessary to ensure that governments do not combat the development of all privacy-blockchains so as to enable a high level of privacy protection and GDPR-compliant data processing. This article indicates two AML/CFT tools which may be helpful for shaping privacy-blockchains that can enable the feasibility of such tools. The first tool is exceptional government access to transactional data written on non-transparent ledgers, obfuscated by advanced anonymization cryptography. The tool should be optional for networks as long as another effective AML/CFT measures are accessible for the intermediaries or for the government in relation to a given network. If these other measures are not available and the network does not grant exceptional access, the regulations should allow governments to combat the development of those networks. Effective tools in that scope should target the value of privacy-cryptocurrency, not its users. Such tools could include, as a tool of last resort, state attacks which would undermine the trust of the community in a specific network

In vivo and in vitro studies of adipogenesis with particular reference to adipocyte development in rodent skin.

Skin comprises an epidermis, dermis, skin appendages including hair follicles, and a fat layer. There is a growing interest in the biology of specific fat depots, and skin fat is relatively poorly studied. Importantly, most knowledge about the molecular control of adipocyte differentiation comes from in vitro studies on cell lines. This thesis aimed to provide new insights into adipogenesis in vivo by directly studying development of the skin fat layer and its relationship to the surrounding skin and hair follicles. Work, presented in Chapter 2, investigated the timing and localisation of developing fat cells in back skin of rodent embryos. Analysis of the adipogenic transcription factor C/EBPalpha and lipid accumulation revealed preadipocytes in the lower dermis of embryonic mouse skin at e17 and the start of lipid accumulation by e19. The dermal fat cells then created an adipose layer between and beneath hair follicles apparently independently of subcutaneous fat tissue. In Chapter 3, a combined laser capture microdissection and microarray approach generated gene expression profiles of cells from upper and lower dermis over three time points. Verification of the microarray data by qPCR and immunohistochemistry, and bioinformatics analysis confirmed a subdivision of the lower dermis with enriched fat-related pathways. Comparison of this microarray data with published information on adipogenesis of 3T3-cells in vitro showed important early differences with regard to transcription factor, cell cycle, cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix gene expression. Later time points revealed greater similarities between in vivo and in vitro data involving genes characteristic of mature adipocytes. In Chapter 4, the involvement of the Egfr gene (selected from generated microarray lists) in dermal fat development was investigated functionally using a skin organ culture model. In Chapter 5, a marker gene selected from the arrays (Cd36) was successfully used to develop a method of isolating dermal preadipocytes by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Specialised organ culture techniques, presented in Chapters 4 and 5, allowed the adipogenic capabilities of cells from different mouse embryonic skin compartments to be investigated. This revealed a high plasticity of dermal cells at earlier embryonic time points (e15 - 15.5) and their specialisation into either non-fatty cells (upper dermis) or adipocytes (lower dermis) later (e18.5 - 19). As summarised in Chapter 6, this thesis confirmed that the fat layer that develops from cells of the lower dermis should have a distinct nomenclature (dermal adipose tissue) from the subcutaneous fat depot and could be under different regulatory mechanisms. The work has established a new in situ model of in vivo adipogenesis and the microarray data obtained has provided novel information on molecular control of adipogenesis in general, as well as pointers as to why the lower, but not the upper compartment of the late embryonic dermis turns into fat

Conservative treatment of acute appendicitis: an overview

Background. Although the standard treatment for appendicitis (since 1883) is an appendectomy, this is not always possible in a maritime or military setting. To avoid relying on improvisation in such situations this study examines the evidence for conservative management of appendicitis. Material and methods. PubMed was searched for studies on conservative treatment of appendicitis. Both prospective and retrospective studies with a well-defined description of the protocol were included. Results. Finally, 5 publications (a total of 342 patients) were included in this overview. For these reports, the success rate for conservative treatment of appendicitis is 90.8% (88-95%) with a risk of relapse within 12 months of 15.9% (5-37%). For complicated appendicitis these mean rates decrease to 89% (67-100%) and 9.8% (0-39.6%), respectively. Discussion and conclusions. This overview indicates that appendicitis can be safely and effectively treated conservatively. The studies differed in their treatment protocols. Appendicitis can best be treated with a third-generation cephalosporin and an imidazole derivative (2 days intravenously and 10 days orally). This is based on evidence from a combination of the studies presented here, and on expert opinion. Currently, this combination is the best available «evidence» on this topic. (Int Marit Health 2010; 61; 4: 265–272

Awakening - The visual emotions. Influences over a personal architectural perception of space.

This thesis analyses my production design process for Awakening (2015), an experimental short film directed and written by Moona Pennanen. Working as a production designer influenced my previous experience as an architect and challenged my perception and design of architectural space. I started to perceive the architectural space through emotions, connecting different structures to certain feelings. The design process allowed me to reflect on architectural space and brought new perspective to my understanding of space. In this study, I focus on the impact of cinematic space on the observer and relate it to architectural space design. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest and growing need related to alternative methods of expression, communication and re-thinking the human relationship with built environment. Contemporary architecture practice is more and more influenced by other disciplines and film is one of them. The way space in cinema is perceived raises important aspects, which I try to bring forth in my current research. The process of constructing cinematic space lies in the deliberate use of visual components, such as line, shape, tone, color, etc. The careful use and combination of components that emphasize the script, create the visual structure of cinematic space. Eventually space becomes an expressive power, a storyteller, that communicates moods and emotions. Working with visual components to create cinematic space for Awakening, gave me the chance to better convey the main character’s feelings and affect the viewer emotionally. Therefore the primary goal of this thesis is to raise awareness of the design process concerning a visual issues, which I bring forth in this study. These visual elements have an impact on the audience, the observer and the film maker, hence I regard these elements decisively noteworthy. The main part of the work analyses the design process for Awakening, including an interview with the director Moona Pennanen. My background as an architect gave me the possibility to bring the knowledge of architectural space and cinematic space together and connect them to the idea of Visual Emotions encoded in space. The challenge in the design process was to implement ideas of space with consideration to feelings, atmospheres, memories and emotional sensibility. In other words, I endeavored to create a visual space that has the potential to transfer a certain emotion and to perform a powerful role. The idea of Awakening - The Visual Emotions creates opportunities for experimentation and finding new methods of expression while working with space. At the same time it, embraces the relationship between space, architecture and the human being. The thesis contributes to the growing research awareness in the field of architectural practice through understanding and controlling the visual components in film design. It uses production design and film vocabulary as tools for experimenting with space as well as a framework for addressing the future thinking of architectural space as an visual environment emotionally impacting the observer

Między „Odeonem” a „Polskimi Nagraniami”. Organizacja państwowego przemysłu fonograficznego w Polsce po II wojnie światowej (1945–1955)

The article presents the history of music industry in Poland after the Second World War, in the period 1945–1955, on political background. The “Muza” music company, a well-known label in Poland in the era of socialism, was described. The organization of Polish music industry was shown in historical perspective. The influence of social circumstances and centralization on music industry is also described. The music perspective is widened by the presentation of trademarks and logos, labels, and the characteristics of recordings.Artykuł przybliża historię fonografii w Polsce po II wojnie światowej (1945–1955) na tle sytuacji politycznej. Przedstawiono w nim markę „Muza”, która była najbardziej znanym znakiem fonograficznym ery socjalizmu. Omówiono zasady funkcjonowania przemysłu fonograficznego w ujęciu historycznym. Zbadano wpływ sytuacji społecznej i centralizacji gospodarki na jego funkcjonowanie. Perspektywę fonografii poszerzono o prezentację marek handlowych, logo i charakterystykę nagrań

Uraz kręgosłupa i rdzenia kręgowego w świetle dokumentacji medycznej

Introduction. The progressive mechanisation of work in every area of life and the rapid development of means of transport have a major impact on the steadily increasing number of injuries. Spinal injuries are a major medical problem due to the complex structure of the spine, and particularly the neural elements located in the spine.Aim. The analysis of causes, the number and type of injuries of the spine and spinal cord trauma performed on the basis of the documentation from the Emergency Department (ED) of Lower Silesia Specialized Hospitalname Tadeusz Marciniak in Wroclaw and documentation from the Clinic and the University Clinical Hospital (UCH) in Wroclaw.Material and Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on the documentation of 530 patients from the ED at Lower Silesia Specialized Hospital name Tadeusz Marciniak in Wroclaw who suffered a back injury and/or spinal cord injury and 45 patients from the Clinic and the Department of Neurosurgery at UCH in Wroclaw who were treated for a spine injury and spinal cord injury.Results. The analysis of the study material shows that:— more than a half of the ED patients (58.87%) and 44% of those hospitalized in the Department of Neurosurgery suffered a spinal injury during a traffic collision;— more men were patients in the Department of Neurosurgery (60%), whereas among the ED patients women were slightly more often hospitalized because of a spine injury (52.64%);— the vast majority of respondents with spinal injury were brought to hospital by emergency teams.Conclusions.1. The predominant reason for spinal injuries and spinal cord injuries being motor vehicle accidents.2. Mainly young people aged 20–35 years suffer spine and spinal cord injuries.3. Spine injury most often refers to the cervical part of the spine. (JNNN 2014;3(4):153–156)Wstęp. Postępująca mechanizacja prac w każdej dziedzinie życia oraz szybki rozwój środków komunikacyjnych mają zasadniczy wpływ na stale zwiększającą się liczbę urazów. Urazy kręgosłupa stanowią poważny problem medyczny z uwagi na złożoną budowę kręgosłupa, a zwłaszcza zawartych w nim elementów nerwowych.Cel. Analiza przyczyn, ilości i rodzaju urazów kręgosłupa i rdzenia kręgowego w oparciu o dokumentację Szpitalnego Oddziału Ratunkowego (SOR) Dolnośląskiego Szpitala Specjalistycznego im. Tadeusza Marciniaka we Wrocławiu oraz dokumentację Kliniki i Katedry Neurochirurgii Uniwersyteckiego Szpitala Klinicznego (USK) we Wrocławiu.Materiał i metody. Analizie retrospektywnej poddano dokumentację 530 pacjentów SOR Dolnośląskiego Szpitala Specjalistycznego im. Tadeusza Marciniaka we Wrocławiu, którzy doznali urazu kręgosłupa i/lub rdzenia kręgowego oraz dokumentację 45 pacjentów Kliniki i Katedry Neurochirurgii USK we Wrocławiu leczonych z powodu urazu kręgosłupa i rdzenia kręgowego.Wyniki. Z analizy materiału badawczego wynika, że:— ponad połowa pacjentów SOR (58,87%) oraz 44% hospitalizowanych na Oddziale Neurochirurgii doznała obrażeń kręgosłupa w czasie kolizji drogowej;— wśród pacjentów Kliniki Neurochirurgii dominowali mężczyźni (60%), natomiast wśród pacjentów SOR nieco częściej z powodu urazu kręgosłupa hospitalizowane były kobiety (52,64%);— zdecydowana większość badanych po doznaniu urazu kręgosłupa została przywieziona do szpitala przez zespoły ratownictwa medycznego.Wnioski.1. Dominującą przyczyną urazów kręgosłupa i rdzenia kręgowego są wypadki komunikacyjne.2. Urazom kręgosłupa i rdzenia kręgowego ulegają głównie osoby młode w przedziale wiekowym 20–35 lat.3. Uraz kręgosłupa najczęściej dotyczy odcinka szyjnego. (PNN 2014;3(4):153–156

Erkämpfte Hochschulzugänge in der Migrationsgesellschaft : Rassismuskritische Perspektiven auf Biografien von Lehramts- und Jurastudentinnen.

Anna Aleksandra Wojciechowicz is dedicated to the conditions of access to subject-specific university studies in the context of inequalities in migration societies. Using a biographical-racist analysis of narrative interviews with female teachers and law students, she reconstructs biographical contexts of experience and their processing in processes of educational advancement and educational reproduction. At the same time, schulinstitutionelle Blockierungen proves to be a constitutive moment for the biographies. Among others, Beweisarbeit and Systemmisstrauen are worked out as two strategies with which the resulting contradictions are countered. The significance of the two concepts for university admission will then be discussed