Positional changes of pericentromeric heterochromatin and nucleoli in postmitotic Purkinje cells during murine cerebellum development

Previous studies revealed changes of pericentromeric heterochromatin arrangements in postmitotic Purkinje cells (PCs) during postnatal development in the mouse cerebellum (Manuelidis, 1985; Martou and De Boni, 2000). Here, we performed vibratome sections of mouse cerebellum (vermis) at P0 (day of birth), at various stages of the postnatal development (P2-P21), as well as in very young (P28) and 17-months-old adults. FISH was carried out on these sections with major mouse satellite DNA in combination with immunostaining of the nucleolar protein B23 (nucleophosmin). Laser confocal microscopy, 3D reconstructions and quantitative image analysis were employed to describe changes in the number and topology of chromocenters and nucleoli. At all stages of postnatal PC development heterochromatin clusters were typically associated either with nucleoli or with the nuclear periphery, while non-associated clusters were rare (<1% at P0 to P21 and about 3% in adult stages). At P0, about 2-4 nucleoli and 7-8 pericentromeric heterochromatin clusters were variably located within PC nuclei. The relative volume of heterochromatin clusters associated with the nucleoli (about 50%) was roughly equal to the volume of clusters associated with the nuclear periphery. Positional changes of both nucleoli and centromeres towards the nuclear center occurred between P0 and P6. At P6 the average number of chromocenters per PC nucleus had decreased to about five. In agreement with previous studies, one or occasionally two nucleoli were noted at the nuclear center surrounded by major perinucleolar heterochromatin clusters. The relative volume of these perinucleolar clusters increased to about 84%, while the volume of clusters in the nuclear periphery decreased to about 15%. At subsequent postnatal stages, the arrangement of most pericentromeric heterochromatin around a central nucleolus was maintained. In adult animals, however, we observed a partial redistribution of heterochromatin towards the nuclear periphery. The average total number of pericentromeric heterochromatin signals increased again to about ten. The volume of heterochromatin associated with the nuclear periphery roughly doubled (30%), while the volume of the perinucleolar heterochromatin decreased correspondingly. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel

Відтворення політичних символів у перекладі: крос-культурний і жанровий аспекти

Стаття присвячена крос-культурним труднощам відтворення політичних символів у перекладі з урахуванням жанрової (текст-типологічної) специфіки політичних заяв й політичних звернень в американській (США) та укра- їнській лінгвокультурних традиціях. Проведений аналіз дозволяє встановити, які способи та прийоми перекладу максимально зберігають символічність політичних символів, а які, навпаки, призводять до послаблення або повної втрати символічності досліджуваних одиниць при перекладі політичних заяв й політичних звернень. (The article focuses on cross-cultural difficulties of reproduction of political symbols in translation with regard to genre (text type) peculiarities of political statements and political addresses in American (the USA) and Ukrainian linguocultural traditions. The analysis enables to outline some translation methods which save symbolical meaning of political symbols as much as possible and other methods which, on the contrary, lead to the weakening or complete loss of their symbolical meaning while translating of political statements and addresses.The majority of political symbols which function in nuclear political genres (political statements and political addresses) are constant in a linguoculture of a source text. In nuclear political genres (text types) the function of political symbols is performed by allusions or quotes from the precedential texts that is speeches of political leaders (mainly the leaders of the country) of the past time, generally known historical documents, religious texts, literary works, etc. Reproduction of political symbols and symbol-allusions, which gained contextual political meaning, demands the application of constant equivalents in the target language and taking into account the available translations of these symbols in the precedential texts of source linguoculture. The general trend of reproduction of political symbols in political statements and political addresses is the weakening of symbolical meaning, caused by application of substitutions (substitution of symbol by realia) or loan translations. This often results in literal translation.

Approaches to Improving the Accuracy of Machine Learning Models in Requirements Elicitation Techniques Selection

Selecting techniques is a crucial element of the business analysis approach planning in IT projects. Particular attention is paid to the choice of techniques for requirements elicitation. One of the promising methods for selecting techniques is using machine learning algorithms trained on the practitioners' experience considering different projects' contexts. The effectiveness of ML models is significantly affected by the balance of the training dataset, which is violated in the case of popular techniques. The paper aims to analyze the efficiency of the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique usage in Machine Learning models for elicitation technique selection in case of the imbalanced training dataset and possible ways for positive feature importance selection. The computational experiment results confirmed the effectiveness of using the proposed approaches to improve the accuracy of machine learning models for selecting requirements elicitation techniques. Proposed approaches can be used to build Machine Learning models for business analysis activities planning in IT projects

Research of the fatigue damage accumulation regularities in the welded joints

Експериментально досліджено вплив послідовності прикладення навантажень (зростаючої, спадаючої та квазівипадкової) на циклічну довговічність зварних з’єднань низьколегованої сталі 09Г2С при багатоступеневому та блоковому навантаженнях. За гіпотезою лінійного підсумовування втомних пошкоджень встановлено відповідні граничні значення накопиченої втомної пошкодженості до руйнування зразків залежно від виду та послідовності прикладених навантажень. Показано, що при блоковому навантаженні зварних з’єднань порядок прикладення навантажень у блоці істотно не впливає на значення накопиченої втомної пошкодженості таврових зварних з’єднань, які знаходяться у діапазоні від 0,60 до 0,97.The paper is devoted to establishing the regularities of fatigue damage accumulation in welded joints at multistep and block loading with different sequences of load application in the block. Fatigue testing was conducted on specimens of welded tee-joints of low-alloyed structural steel 09G2S at zero-to-tension alternating cycle with the frequency of 5 Hz. Different sequences of load application (increasing, decreasing or quasirandom) were assigned by 5 loading steps. Hypothesis of linear summation of fatigue damage was used to establish the respective boundary values of accumulated fatigue damage of specimens, depending on the kind and sequence of applied loading. It is shown that at multistep loading of welded joints, the sequence of load application essentially influences cyclic fatigue life of welded joints. Boundary values of accumulated fatigue damage of the joints before fracture at increasing sequence of applied loading are in the range from 0.32 to 0.56, at decreasing sequence – from 1.48 up to 1.97 and at quasirandom sequence – from 0.84 to 1.24. Thus, the sequence of load application to welded joints causes an opposite effect in terms of regularities of fatigue damage accumulation compared to base metal. It is established that the range of boundary values of accumulated fatigue damage at block loading (0.60…0.97) is four times narrower than the range of values of boundary total damage at multistep loading (0.32…1.97). While calculating the cyclic fatigue life of welded joints subjected to block loading by the hypothesis of linear summation of fatigue damage, it is recommended to take boundary value of accumulated fatigue damage of 0.6 as the damage criterion

Calculating extrusion textures of the alloy Mn-AI-C

The alloy Mn-Al-C (magnetic z-phase) has a face-centered tetragonal lattice* with the superstructure L10 (Shangurov, Gornostyrev, Teitel et al., 1990). The tetragonal crystal axes c (the directions of the easy magnetization) of the grain lattices of the polycrystal permanent magnet must be preferably oriented along the magnet axis. In the present paper the forming of the axial extrusion textures in the alloy Mn-Al-C is investigated theoretically. The texture inhomogeneity is taken into account by solving the boundary value problem of plasticity

Корекція заїкання у дітей старшого дошкільного віку засобами арт-терапії

Використання конкретних методик та технік арт-терапії дозволяє скоректувати не лише імпресивне, експресивне мовлення, мовленнєве дихання дітей старшого дошкільного віку із заїканням, а також здійснити корекційний вплив на негативні психоемоційні стани, як суттєві чинники, що впливають на формування усного зв’язного мовлення й комунікативної компетентності вказаної категорії дітей

Мовленнєвий портрет дитини дошкільного віку з ГРДУ

У статті відображено результати теоретичного і емпіричного вивчення мовленнєвого портрету дошкільника як психолінгвістичної категорії. На теоретичному рівні цей феномен визначається як індивідуальні особливості мовленнєвої діяльності, що реалізуються у психологічному, лінгвістичному та психолінгвістичному проявах. Емпіричне вивчення мовленнєвого портрету дошкільників з ГРДУ здійснюється шляхом дослідження пізнавальних процесів та мовлення дітей дошкільного віку в лінгвістичному та психолінгвістичному аспектах