732 research outputs found
Distinct expression patterns of ER alpha and ER beta in normal human mammary gland
AIM: Two oestrogen receptors (ERs) have been identified to dateāthe āclassicā ERa and the more
recently described ERb. Although much is known about ERa at the mRNA and protein levels, our
knowledge of the expression and distribution of ERb protein is much more limited. The aim of this study
was to compare the cellular distribution of ERa and ERb in normal human mammary gland.
METHODS: Formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded material was obtained from reduction
mammoplasty specimens, normal tissue adjacent to breast tumour, or fibroadenoma. Sections were
immunohistochemically stained for ERa, ERb, and the progesterone receptor. The staining pattern for
each antibody was evaluated and compared.
RESULTS: ERa was restricted to the cell nuclei of epithelial cells lining ducts and lobules. Although ERb
was also seen in these cells, additional strong staining was detected specifically in the cell nuclei of
myoepithelial cells. Occasional staining was seen in surrounding stromal and endothelial cell nuclei
and in lymphocytes.
CONCLUSIONS: ER subtypes have distinct distribution patterns in the normal mammary gland. The widespread
distribution of ERb suggests that it may be the dominant ER in the mammary gland where it may
be acting as a natural suppressor
Las Maquiladoras Y Su Gente: A Look at the United States-Mexico\u27s Industrial Past, Present, and Future
My Senior Honors Thesis entails a close look at the U.S.- owned sweat shops which reside along the 2,000 mile border between the U.S. and Mexico. In my thesis, I discuss the positive and negative attributes of the Maquiladora Industry, in addition to their history, and a prognostication of what lies ahead for their future
The slovenian and the cross: Transcending Christianityās perverse core with Slavoj Žižek
This introductory chapter addresses the questions of why Slavoj Žižek is engaged in the project of creating an atheist or ādecaffeinatedā theology and how an atheist materialist thinker can be acutely interesting for Christian theology and theologians. It provides an outline of Žižekās intellectual pursuits, particularly his employment of Lacanian categories of thought in matters political and theological, and focuses on a presentation of Žižekās multifaceted engagement with Christianity in his works: of the different ways in which he engages with Christianity and of the different strategies one may employ in order to examine his engagement with Christianity, mapping out the theological reception of Žižekās thought up to now. The chapter also draws attention to Žižekās political Pneumatology, i.e. to the role of the Holy Spirit in this ādecaffeinatedā or āatheist theologyā as the community of those that have interiorized Christās sacrifice, as well as to Žižekās appropriation of early Christian heresies in his version of Hegelian dialectics. This introductory chapter concludes with a presentation of this volumeās architecture, its authors and chapters, the problems and issues they address and the different strategies they employ, closing with a hint on the scandalous possibility of ācaffeine.
INTER-annual/decadal variability of the north Aegean Sea hydrodynamics over 1960-2000
Results from a high-resolution hindcast model experiment, supported by available observations, reveal an increasing salinity trend in the north Aegean during the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT), largely controlled by increases in the flow rate and salinity of water masses of Levantine origin entering the domain through the Myconos-Ikaria strait as a response to an acceleration of the Aegean thermohaline cell. Changes in the Dardanelles inflow (increasing salinity) and in the surface freshwater flux (increasing Evaporation-Precipitation), although both contribute to a higher salt content of the basin during the EMT, play a minor role in the inter-annual/decadal variability of the freshwater budget. A long-term decreasing temperature trend is observed from the 1960s to the early 1990s. It is superimposed on the salinity-preconditioning phase over the 1980s and early 1990s. Both signals are, concomitantly, favouring conditions for intense Dense Water Formation (DWF) in the north Aegean Sea. In addition, the northward displacement of the Black Sea Water front over the EMT, leads to the expansion of convective cells towards the north and to higher formation rates associated with both colder and saltier surface waters
Oestrogen receptor beta: how should we measure this?
British Journal of Cancer (2002) 87, 687ā687. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600534 www.bjcancer.co
Machine learning to extract gravitational wave transients
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have demonstrated potential for the real-time analysis of data from gravitational-wave detector networks for the specific case of signals from coalescing compact-object binaries such as black-hole binaries.
In this thesis we present the development of machine learning pipeline named MLy. We demonstrate a CNN with the ability to detect generic signals - those without a precise model - with sensitivity across a wide parameter space. In this endeavour we utilised the information of correlation between detectors, rather than signal morphologies, to distinguish correlated gravitational-wave signals from uncorrelated noise transients. We demonstrate the efficacy of our CNN using data from the second LIGO-Virgo observing run. We show that it has sensitivity approaching that of the "gold-standard" unmodeled transient searches currently used by LIGO-Virgo, at extremely low (order of 1 second) latency and using only a fraction of the computing power required by existing searches, allowing our models the possibility of true real-time detection of gravitational-wave transients associated with gamma-ray bursts, core-collapse supernovae, and other relativistic astrophysical phenomena
Changing water cycle and freshwater transports in the Atlantic Ocean in observations and CMIP5 models
Observations over the last 40 years show that the Atlantic Ocean salinity pattern has amplified, likely in response to changes in the atmospheric branch of the global water cycle. Observational estimates of oceanic meridional freshwater transport (FWT) at 26.5Ā° N indicate a large increase over the last few decades, during an apparent decrease in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, there is limited observation based information at other latitudes. The relative importance of changing FWT divergence in these trends remains uncertain. Ten models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 are analysed for AMOC, FWT, water cycle, and salinity changes over 1950ā2100. Over this timescale, strong trends in the water cycle and oceanic freshwater transports emerge, a part of anthropogenic climate change. Results show that as the water cycle amplifies with warming, FWT strengthens (more southward freshwater transport) throughout the Atlantic sector over the 21st century. FWT strengthens in the North Atlantic subtropical region in spite of declining AMOC, as the long-term trend is dominated by salinity change. The AMOC decline also induces a southward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and a dipole pattern of precipitation change over the tropical region. The consequent decrease in freshwater input north of the equator together with increasing net evaporation lead to strong salinification of the North Atlantic sub-tropical region, enhancing net northward salt transport. This opposes the influence of further AMOC weakening and results in intensifying southward freshwater transports across the entire Atlantic
The evolving role of oestrogen receptor beta in clinical breast cancer
Controversy surrounds the potential clinical importance of oestrogen receptor (ER)Ī² in breast cancer, and three recent papers have sought to resolve this. In the present issue of Breast Cancer Research Novelli and colleagues explored the significance of ERĪ²1 expression in 936 breast cancer patients, and they showed diverse relationships according to lymph node status. A second paper examined 442 breast cancers in which ERĪ²1 was an independent predictor of recurrence, disease-free survival and overall survival. Finally a third paper showed that ERĪ²2 was a powerful prognostic indicator in 757 breast cancers but this was dependent on cellular location, with nuclear ERĪ²2 expression predicting good survival whilst cytoplasmic expression predicted worse outcome. These papers point to a clinical role for ERĪ² in breast cancer and shall be discussed
Global water cycle amplifying at less than the Clausius-Clapeyron rate
A change in the cycle of water from dry to wet regions of the globe would have far reaching impact on humanity. As air warms, its capacity to hold water increases at the Clausius-Clapeyron rate (CC, approximately 7%āĀ°Cā1). Surface ocean salinity observations have suggested the water cycle has amplified at close to CC following recent global warming, a result that was found to be at odds with state-of the art climate models. Here we employ a method based on water mass transformation theory for inferring changes in the water cycle from changes in three-dimensional salinity. Using full depth salinity observations we infer a water cycle amplification of 3.0āĀ±ā1.6%āĀ°Cā1 over 1950ā2010. Climate models agree with observations in terms of a water cycle amplification (4.3āĀ±ā2.0%āĀ°Cā1) substantially less than CC adding confidence to projections of total water cycle change under greenhouse gas emission scenarios
Immunohistochemical detection of ERĪ² in breast cancer: towards more detailed receptor profiling?
Oestrogen receptor (ER) is used routinely to predict endocrine responsiveness in patients with breast cancer. A second ER, ERĪ² has been described but its significance remains undefined; most studies have described mRNA levels rather than protein expression. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, immunohistochemical detection of ERĪ² in archival breast tumours. Ā© 2001 Cancer Research Campaignhttp://www.bjcancer.co
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