Verbreitung des problematischen Alkoholkonsums bei der Ärzteschaft : Ergebnisse repräsentativer Stichproben

Aims: This paper is a review of the literature on problem-related drinking of alcohol among medical doctors, and it deals with the epidemiology and results. Methods: A search of computer literature databases - PubMed and ETOH - was performed to locate articles reporting problem-related drinking among doctors, using population-based samples of doctors within the last two decades. Results: In the light of different definitions of problem-related drinking, there was found a breadth of prevalence of problem-related drinking - from heavy drinking and hazardous drinking (12%-16%) to misuse and dependence (6%-8%) - within the population-based samples of doctors. An increased risk was positively related to male doctors and doctors of the age of 40-45 years and older, and to some factors of work, lifestyle and health. Conclusion: For the future, it seems necessary to sensitise the research for problem-related drinking of doctors in Germany, e.g. initiating a representative survey, analysing the drinking of alcohol in the context of health, life-style and work-related factors.Ziel: Der Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über die Literatur zum problematischen Alkoholkonsum bei der Ärzteschaft. Methodik: Die Datengewinnung erfolgte auf der Grundlage einer systematischen Recherche in den renommierten elektronischen Datenbanken - PubMed und ETOH - nach Studien zum Alkoholkonsum der Ärzteschaft, deren Ergebnisse aus repräsentativen Stichproben innerhalb der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte stammen. Ergebnisse: In Anbetracht unterschiedlicher Definitionen zum problematischen Alkoholkonsum variierte die Verbreitung des problematischen Alkoholkonsums - von starkem und riskantem Alkoholkonsum (12%-16%) zum mißbräuchlichen und abhängigen Alkoholkonsum (6%-8%) - in den repräsentativen Stichproben. Ein erhöhtes Risiko korrelierte positiv zu dem männlichen Geschlecht, der Altersgruppe 40-45 und älter, und einigen Faktoren der Arbeit, Lebensweise und Gesundheit. Schlussfolgerung: Für die Zukunft scheint es notwendig zu sein, die Forschung für das Thema betreffend den problematischen Alkoholkonsum bei der Ärzteschaft in Deutschland zu sensibilisieren, d.h. repräsentative Untersuchungen zu initiieren und den Alkoholkonsum im Kontext der Gesundheit, Lebensweise und Arbeitsbelastung zu analysieren

Adaptive Information Visualization for Personalized Access to Educational Digital Libraries

Personalization is one of the emerging ways to increase the power of modern Digital Libraries. The Knowledge Sea II system presented in this paper explores social navigation support, an approach for providing personalized guidance within the open corpus of educational resources. Following the concepts of social navigation we have attempted to organize a personalized navigation support that is based on past learners’ interaction with the system. The study indicates that Knowledge Sea II became the students' primary tool for accessing the open corpus documents used in a programming course. The social navigation support implemented in this system was considered useful by students participating in the study of Knowledge Sea II. At the same time, some user comments indicated the need to provide more powerful navigational support, such as the ability to rank the usefulness of a page

New Public Management Reforms: Institutions matter!

New Public Management (NPM) has played a decisive role and has had a radical effect on the productivity and efficiency of the public sector in the Anglo-Saxon countries. However, the effective introduction of the NPM reforms is not an easy task. The scientific community is zealously analyzing the experiences of the developing countries. The stories, they tell, are full of failures, and ineffective reforms. The goal of the current study is to uncover the factors that might influence the successful implementation of the NPM reforms. In our analysis, by relying on the theories of new institutional economics, we developed a model with which we wish to prove that in regards to the success of the reforms the informal and the formal institutions characteristic of the given country are the decisively determining factors. When answering the question, we introduced a new indicator based on public choice theory – the politicians’ interest index – by which we could measure the success of the NPM. We tested our hypothesis by a comparative statistical analysis using the data from 31 countries. Based on our results, we find that informal institutions, the culture shared by the members of society, fundamentally determine the probability of the successful implementation of the NPM reforms, these results having a significant practical relevance

HUBUNGAN ASUPAN ENERGI, PROTEIN, LEMAK DENGAN STATUS GIZI DAN TEKANAN DARAH GERIATRI DI PANTI WREDA SURAKARTA

Geriatri atau lansia merupakan fase kehidupan yang dilalui setiap individu. Kondisi kesehatan geriatri sangat ditentukan kualitas dan kuantitas asupan zat gizi. Asupan zat gizi berpengaruh terhadap status gizi dan tekanan darah, sehingga asupan gizi yang baik sangat berperan dalam menurunkan persentase timbulnya penyakit dan kematian geriatri. Kemunduran biologis menjadi hambatan geriatri untuk memperoleh asupan gizi yang cukup. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan energi, protein, lemak dengan status gizi dan tekanan darah geriatri di Panti Wreda Surakarta. Jenis penelitian deskriptif observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik consecutive random sampling. Besar sampel 46. Pengambilan data asupan energi, protein dan lemak dengan melihat sisa makanan selama tiga hari pagi, siang dan sore. Data status gizi diperoleh dengan pengukuran secara antropometri berdasarkan IMT. Data tekanan darah diperoleh dengan mengukur tekanan darah sampel dengan Sphygmomanometer air raksa. Uji statistik yang digunakan Pearson Corelation Product Moment dan Korelasi Rank Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar asupan energi defisit 58,70%, asupan protein defisit 82,60% dan asupan lemak defisit 73,90%. Status gizi sebagian besar kurang 47,83%. Tekanan darah sebagian besar kriteria hipertensi 60,87%. Ada hubungan antara asupan energi dengan status gizi (nilai p=0,005), asupan protein dengan status gizi (nilai p=0,00), asupan lemak dengan status gizi (nilai p=0,03). Tidak ada hubungan antara asupan energi dengan tekanan darah (nilai p=0,614), asupan protein dengan tekanan darah (nilai p=0,813), asupan lemak dengan tekanan darah (nilai p=0,808). Saran bagi petugas makanan panti dapat mengembangkan menu yang seimbang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizi geriatri. Peneliti selanjutnya dapat meneliti status gizi dan tekanan darah geriatri dengan melihat asupan makanan selain dari energi, protein dan lemak yaitu natrium, kalium, magnesium dan faktorfaktor selain dari asupan makanan

Introduction of soft budget constraint as an analyzing tool into public management. The case of the Hungarian public administration reform

Public management reforms are usually underpinned by arguments that they will make the public administration system more effective and efficient. In practice, however, it is very hard to determine whether a given reform will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the public administration system in the long run. Here, I shall examine how the concept of the soft budget constraint (SBC) introduced by János Kornai (Kornai 1979, 1986; Kornai, Maskin & Roland 2003) can be applied to this problem. In the following, I shall describe the Hungarian public administration reforms implemented by the Orbán government from 2010 onward and analyze its reforms, focusing on which measures harden and which ones soften the budget constraint of the actors of the Hungarian public administration system. In the literature of economics, there is some evidence-based knowledge on how to harden/soften the budget constraint, which improves/reduces the effectiveness and hence the efficiency of the given system. By using the concept of SBC, I also hope to shed some light on the rationale behind the Hungarian government’s introduction of such a contradictory reform package. Previously, the concept of SBC was utilized narrowly in public management studies, mostly in the field of fiscal federalism. My goal is to apply the concept to a broader area of public management studies. My conclusion is that the concept of SBC can significantly contribute to public management studies by deepening our knowledge on the reasons behind the success and failure of public administration reforms

Az Új Közszolgálati Menedzsment intézményi meghatározottsága [védés előtt] = Institutional determinants of New Public Management

Disszertációnkban arra kerestük a választ, hogy milyen tényezők befolyásolják az új közszolgálati menedzsment irányzathoz tartozó reformok sikeres bevezetését. Feltételezésünk szerint a társadalmi interakciókat meghatározó intézményi burok, azaz az informális és formális intézmények befolyásolják leginkább a NPM reformok bevezethetőségét