Output Contracts and the Unreasonably Disproportionate Clause of 2-306

Open quantity contracts evolved due to the commercial advantages inherent in such contracts. However, the level of permissible quantity variation within an open quantity contract has been frequently litigated. In Atlantic Track and Turnout v. Perini, the First Circuit resolved a dispute concerning variation within such a contract. This Note examines the traditional analysis used by the court in resolving this dispute and suggests an alternative method of analysis

Intercity rail-passenger car ride quality test program

The Federal Railroad Administration's research and development program relating to intercity rail-passenger ride quality focuses on developing ride quality design criteria and specifications. The FRA ride quality test program and some of the techniques being used to analyze and evaluate the design criteria of the program are discussed

Physician Financial Incentives and Cesarean Section Delivery

The 'induced demand' model states that in the face of negative income shocks physicians may exploit their agency relationship with patients by providing excessive care in order to maintain their incomes. We test this model by exploiting an exogenous change in the financial environment facing obstetrician/gynecologists during the 1970s: declining fertility in the U.S. We argue that the 13.5% fall in fertility over the 1970-1982 period increased the income pressure on ob/gyns, and led them to substitute from normal childbirth towards a more highly reimbursed alternative, cesarean delivery. Using a nationally representative micro-data set for this period, we show that there is a strong correlation between within state declines in fertility and within state increases in cesarean utilization. This correlation is robust to consideration of a variety of alternative hypotheses, and appears to be symmetric with respect to periods of fertility decline and fertility increase.

The wavelength dependence of polarization. iii- the lunar surface final report

Photoelectric photometry, luminescence, and polarimetry of lunar surface - selenograph

The Archival Advocate (Winter 2020)

In this issue: Letter from the Director The Yuchi Language Project Uncovering Litho-Krome Imagery New Additions to the Digital Archives Documenting COVID-19 Community Submissions Sweet Treats: The Mitchell Family Confectionary Archive Staff Highlights Archives Launch New Social Media Page “Found in the Archives” Spotlight Rare Book Cornerhttps://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/archives_newsletters/1001/thumbnail.jp

Effects of the biomedical bleeding process on the behavior and physiology of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus

Horseshoe crabs are harvested by the biomedical industry in order to create Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) to test medical devices, vaccines and pharmaceutical drugs for pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. Previous studies of the impacts of the biomedical bleeding process on horseshoe crabs have primarily focused on mortality rates and sublethal impacts, using animals held in the laboratory. Therefore, the first goal of this project was to determine the effects of the bleeding process on horseshoe crab behavior once they are released back into their natural environment. In addition, previous studies have typically only investigated the impacts of the full bleeding procedure, or just hemolymph extraction, on horseshoe crab mortality and behavior. Therefore, my second objective was to determine the relative impacts of the three main stressors (aerial exposure, increased temperatures, and blood loss) on the locomotor activity and hemocyanin levels of horseshoe crabs. Finally, previous studies have demonstrated that horseshoe crabs held in captivity, even if they are not bled, experience a decline in hemocyanin levels. Therefore, the third objective of this study was to test a food supplement that might reduce these sustained decreases in hemocyanin levels, along with the associated behavioral impacts. We found that once horseshoe crabs were released back into their natural habitat there were some immediate differences between bled animals and controls. Bled animals appeared to mate significantly less than control animals within the first week post-release, with the largest differences between bled and control females. However, the only other significant difference we observed between 14 bled and 14 control animals was a tendency for bled animals to remain significantly deeper during the two-year study. Our laboratory studies revealed that the full bleeding procedure typically used commercially (i.e., all three stressors) had the largest impact on mortality, hemocyanin levels, overall activity, and expression of biological rhythms, followed by bleeding along with at least one of the other stressors. We also saw a seasonal trend in hemocyanin levels and a strong, significant relationship between hemocyanin levels and overall activity. Our data also revealed that animals with starting hemocyanin levels of 0.13 mg/mL or less were more likely to die or be impaired by the bleeding process. Therefore, it appears that an awareness of the overall health and hemocyanin levels in animals captured for bleeding might help reduce mortalities and other impacts if companies would avoid using these borderline animals. Another approach might be to use a food supplement to prevent sustained reductions in hemocyanin levels. Our last study showed that animals that were fed had an increase in their hemocyanin levels and overall activity, and maintained the same biological rhythms they had prior to being bled. Therefore, providing dietary supplements to horseshoe crabs either before or after bleeding them might be a logistically realistic way to improve physiological status and maintain a healthy population of this important species. In summary, we saw negative impacts from the biomedical bleeding procedure on the behavior and mortality of horseshoe crabs both in the laboratory in the field. Our data should provide insight into ways that biomedical facilities can modify the process in order to alleviate these issues. Moreover, these data indicate that one approach would be to develop a food supplement that would help animals maintain healthy hemocyanin levels. Given the importance of horseshoe crabs to coastal and estuarine ecosystems, and human health, it is crucial to determine a sustainable practice for bleeding these animals to create LAL