408 research outputs found

    Thermo-mechanical stress of bonded wires used in high power modules with alternating and direct current modes

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    Today, power electronic reliability is a main subject of interest for many companies and laboratories. The main process leading to the IGBT failure is the cycling thermal stress. Indeed the current ïŹ‚ow induce local heating and then mechanical stress. This paper deals with electro thermal stress under steady and transient current states. The main objective is to test bonded wires with active current cycle. Consequently, the thermo mechanical stress is obtained. A numerical 3D ïŹnite element model is presented and some experimental results are given. Indeed an infrared system monitors the temperature dispatching from an experimental test bench under active current cycle. The overall study is a ïŹrst step before a global simulation (electrical thermal-mechanical) in order to optimize some geometric parameters of the packaging

    Mechanical stress induced by electromagnetic forces on wire bonds of high power modules

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    This paper concerns the analytical determination and experimental characterization of electromagnetic forces exerted on high power IGBT wire bonds

    The effect of the solar wall heating on the flow structure within the cross-ventilation of isolated building

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    In this paper a comprehensive study is conducted on the heat transfer between building and the atmosphere within a cross ventilation situation, this situation is characterized by a transverse flow between the two parallel windows of an isolated building.  The study is divided into two parts, in the first part, the effect of the walls, solar heating during the day (windward between sunrise and noon, the roof at the moon and leeward between noon and sunset) on the air temperature distribution and air velocity inside and outside an isolated building is studied when a numerical simulation is conducted in an atmospheric micro scale. For the second part, the study is focused on the effect of temperature change of the building floor, by an external heating source such as a recessed serpentine, on cooling or heating the air but in this case only inside the building by numerical simulation. The numerical results are validated using experimental measurements (velocity profiles and turbulent kinetic energy) of Y. Tominaga realized at Niigata Institute of Technology in Japan, these measurements provide a very useful database for validation of numerical models of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Compared to those wind tunnel experimental measurements, the numerical results of the cross-ventilation show a good agreement. The detailed results analysis shows that the differential heating of all building surfaces can greatly influence the capacity of the flow to transport and exchange heat

    The effect of the solar wall heating on the flow structure within the cross-ventilation of isolated building

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    In this paper a comprehensive study is conducted on the heat transfer between building and the atmosphere within a cross ventilation situation, this situation is characterized by a transverse flow between the two parallel windows of an isolated building.  The study is divided into two parts, in the first part, the effect of the walls, solar heating during the day (windward between sunrise and noon, the roof at the moon and leeward between noon and sunset) on the air temperature distribution and air velocity inside and outside an isolated building is studied when a numerical simulation is conducted in an atmospheric micro scale. For the second part, the study is focused on the effect of temperature change of the building floor, by an external heating source such as a recessed serpentine, on cooling or heating the air but in this case only inside the building by numerical simulation. The numerical results are validated using experimental measurements (velocity profiles and turbulent kinetic energy) of Y. Tominaga realized at Niigata Institute of Technology in Japan, these measurements provide a very useful database for validation of numerical models of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Compared to those wind tunnel experimental measurements, the numerical results of the cross-ventilation show a good agreement. The detailed results analysis shows that the differential heating of all building surfaces can greatly influence the capacity of the flow to transport and exchange heat

    A Query Rewriting Approach for Web Service Composition

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    Contribution à la simulation électro-thermomécanique numérique 3d : appliquée à l'étude de la fiabilité des interrupteurs à semiconducteurs packages, utilisés en traction ferroviaire

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    La tendance actuelle dans le domaine du transport ferroviaire est d’intĂ©grer des modules de puissance de plus en plus puissants dans des volumes de plus en plus rĂ©duits. Cela pose des problĂšmes, notamment en termes de fiabilitĂ©, car lors de leurs cycles de fonctionnement, les interrupteurs Ă  semi-conducteurs et leur environnement immĂ©diat sont soumis Ă  des contraintes Ă©lectro-thermo-mĂ©caniques plus sĂ©vĂšres. Cela peut entraine leur destruction et donc la dĂ©faillance de la fonction de conversion d'Ă©nergie. L’objectif principal de cette thĂšse est de dĂ©crire des modĂšles et des outils de simulation multi-physiques afin de caractĂ©riser ces contraintes. Nous avons choisi comme cas d’étude les fils de connexion dits «wire bonding». Ces fils sont, en effet, considĂ©rĂ©s comme l’un des points faibles en ce qui concerne la durĂ©e de vie des modules de puissance, utilisĂ©s dans les systĂšmes embarquĂ©s notamment dans le ferroviaire. Dans ce contexte multi-physique, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© des modĂšles, numĂ©riques, Ă©lĂ©ments finis, analytiques, 3D ou 1D, afin de dĂ©terminer les contraintes thermomĂ©caniques lors du passage du courant dans ces fils. A travers les modĂšles dĂ©crits et les rĂ©sultats de simulation prĂ©sentĂ©s, nous caractĂ©risons le comportement des fils d’un point de vue Ă©lectrique, thermique, magnĂ©tique ou mĂ©canique. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment les interactions Ă©lectromagnĂ©tiques, Ă©lectrothermiques, Ă©lectromĂ©caniques ou thermomĂ©caniques entre modĂšles et entre outils de simulation sont discutĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats sont confrontĂ©s aux mesures thermiques et de dĂ©placement. Ces derniĂšres sont rĂ©alisĂ©es par le biais de prototypes expĂ©rimentaux. Le mode de sollicitation utilisĂ© est dit actif. Un rĂ©gime de courant, continu ou alternatif, est appliquĂ© au systĂšme. La rĂ©ponse thermique et mĂ©canique du systĂšme est alors obtenue. Les conclusions de cette Ă©tude permettent d’une part de mieux caractĂ©riser le comportement Ă©lectro thermomĂ©canique des fils de bonding et de mieux comprendre l’origine des modes de dĂ©faillance de cette technologie d’interconnexion. D’autre part, une dĂ©marche d’utilisation des modĂšles et outils logiciels multi physiques pour une simulation Ă©lectro thermomĂ©canique est prĂ©sentĂ©e. ABSTRACT : The trend in the field of railway transport is to integrate increasingly powerful power modules in smaller volumes. This is problematic, especially in terms of reliability: during their cycles of operation, the semiconductor switches and their immediate environment are subject to tougher electro-thermo-mechanical stresses. This can lead to their destruction and then, to the failure of the energy conversion function. The main goal of this work is to describe the models and multi-physics simulation tools to characterize these stresses. We chose as a case study the connection wire called “wire bonding”. These wires are, indeed, considered one of the weaknesses of the life time of the power module used in embedded systems, particularly in railway applications. In this multi-physics context, we have developed numerical, finite elements, analytical, 3D or 1D models to determine the thermo-mechanical stresses during the current flow through the wires. Thanks to the models described and the simulation results presented, we characterize the behavior of the wire for an electrical, thermal, magnetic or mechanical point of view. More precisely, the electro-magnetic, electro-thermal, electro-mechanical or thermo-mechanical interactions between models and between simulation tools are discussed. The results are compared to thermal and displacement measurements. They are realized thanks to experimental prototypes. The type of solicitation is called active. A system of direct or alternating current is applied to the system. The thermal and mechanical response of the system is obtained. The conclusions of this study allow, on the one hand, characterizing the electro thermo-mechanical behavior of wires bonding and understanding the origin of the failure modes of this technology. On the other hand, a way of using models and multi-physics software tools for an electro thermo-mechanical simulation is presented

    Les retraductions françaises d'Al Moqqadima d'Ibn Khaldoun : Ă©tude paratextuelle des retraductions de Vincent-Mansour Monteil (1967) et d’Abdesselam Cheddadi (2002)

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    Ce mĂ©moire porte sur les retraductions françaises du XXe siĂšcle d’Al Moqaddima (Les ProlĂ©gomĂšnes) (1377) d’Ibn Khaldoun, un traitĂ© historique et philosophique du XIVe siĂšcle. La premiĂšre traduction française, Les ProlĂ©gomĂšnes, est rĂ©alisĂ©e par De Slane entre 1840 et 1863. Elle est suivie de deux retraductions, Ă  savoir Discours sur l’histoire universelle (1967- 1968) rĂ©alisĂ©e par Vincent-Mansour Monteil, et Le Livre des Exemples I : Autobiographie, La Muqaddima (2002) rĂ©alisĂ©e par Abdesselam Cheddadi. L’objet de ce mĂ©moire est de mener une analyse contextuelle, paratextuelle et discursive de ces deux retraductions de l’Ɠuvre monumentale d’Ibn Khaldoun, afin de dĂ©gager les principaux facteurs dĂ©terminant, dans chaque cas, le choix de retraduire. Notre approche thĂ©orique s’inscrit dans le contexte rĂ©cent de remise en cause de ladite « hypothĂšse de la retraduction » d’Antoine Berman, qui privilĂ©gie une analyse textuelle de l’Ɠuvre (re)traduite en nĂ©gligeant quelque peu l’analyse contextuelle Ă©clairant les conditions de production des retraductions, et en limitant le positionnement du traducteur Ă  sa relation envers la « vĂ©ritĂ© » du texte source. Ainsi, en retraçant l’histoire des diffĂ©rentes Ă©ditions des ProlĂ©gomĂšnes au XXe siĂšcle, en exposant le contexte qui entoure les retraductions, et en nous nous attachant aux stratĂ©gies discursives dĂ©ployĂ©es par les traducteurs en marge de ces derniĂšres, nous tenons compte des rĂ©flexions rĂ©centes sur les « causalitĂ©s multiples » du phĂ©nomĂšne de la retraduction, tout en montrant comment la subjectivitĂ© du traducteur, ses dĂ©cisions et ses motivations sont reliĂ©es Ă  tous les Ă©lĂ©ments extratextuels ou contextuels mis en valeur par les thĂ©oriciens. Nous montrons par notre analyse que les deux retraductions au corpus sont motivĂ©es par des facteurs internes au texte (tels que l’authenticitĂ© de leur original, une meilleure connaissance du texte, de la langue et de la culture source, la nĂ©cessitĂ© de corriger des erreurs dans les traductions antĂ©rieures), mais aussi par de nouveaux Ă©lĂ©ments externes au texte (tels que le changement de normes sociales, littĂ©raires et traductionnelles, l’émergence de nouvelles interprĂ©tations du texte, le positionnement idĂ©ologique du retraducteur, sa volontĂ© de s’imposer comme une autoritĂ©, etc.). La retraduction s’avĂšre donc un phĂ©nomĂšne complexe motivĂ© par une combinaison de facteurs, Ă  la fois internes (textuels), externes (contextuels) et personnels, propres au (re)traducteur.This thesis studies the XXth-century French retranslations of Ibn Khaldun’s XVIth- century historical and philosophical treatise Al Moqaddima (or Prolegomena, 1377). The first French translation as Les ProlĂ©gomĂšnes was written by De Slane between 1840 and 1863. It was followed by two XXth-century retranslations, respectively entitled Discours sur l’histoire universelle (1967-1968) by Vincent-Mansour Monteil, and Le Livre des Exemples I : Autobiographie, La Muqaddima (2002) by Abdesselam Cheddadi. This thesis explores the contexts, paratexts, and discursive strategies surrounding each retranslation of Khaldun’s monumental treatise, in order to clarify the major factors that determine, in each case, the translator’s decision to retranslate. Our theoretical approach stems from recent debates around Antoine Berman’s “retranslation hypothesis”, which focuses on a textual analysis of retranslations, and tends to downplay the importance of the context surrounding the production of retranslations, and limits the translator’s positioning to his/her relationship to the “truth” of the original. By documenting the history of XXth-century editions of Khaldun’s Prolegomena, by establishing the context surrounding each retranslation, and by analyzing the discursive strategies deployed by each retranslator in the margins of his work, our study takes into account recent theories of “plural causality” in retranslation; we also highlight the ways in which the translators’ subjectivity, their choices and motivations are deeply connected with the extra-textual, or contextual elements emphasized by such theories. Our analysis shows the two translations under study to be motivated by internal, textual factors (such as: more authentic original manuscripts, better textual criticism and understanding of the source language and culture, the necessity to correct errors in the previous translations, etc.), but also extra-textual, or contextual factors (changing social, literary and translation norms, new interpretations of the original, the translator’s ideological position and need to establish his authority, etc.). In the end, retranslation emerges as a complex phenomenon deriving from a variety of causes, at once internal (textual), external (contextual), and personal, that is, due to the translator’s own agency

    Structure of the out- flows behind buildings and Influence of the geometry of the streets on the out-flows

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    This paper intends to study the latest results from the research methods available with special intentions given to the architectural effects of the street valley and wind speed. Extensive research has been carried out through several research approaches to understand the effect of wind flow formation in the streets and the current wind condition on the structure of the wind current. The main goal of this paper is to study the structure of out- flows of buildings and the effect of street engineering on external flows. The numerical modeling is to simulate the effect of the wind flow and the layer limit on different building structures using the ANSYS Fluent package. The program was based on the K-Δ model to incorporate the potential of differential equations forming the mathematical model. Three cases were considered; the first case is the height-to-width ratio of the valley (h/w), the second is the width of the dome (b3/b) and the third case the ratio of the height of the valley (h3/h) to see the effect of street valley engineering and wind speed effect

    LA RETRADUCTION CRITIQUE ET SA CONTRIBUTION À L’AMÉLIORATION DE LA QUALITÉ DES TRADUCTIONS, EXEMPLE DES RETRADUCTIONS D’AL MUQADDIMA D’IBN KHALDOUN

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    Le prĂ©sent travail porte sur les deux retraductions françaises d’Al Muqaddima (1377) d’Ibn Khaldoun, auteur d’une riche thĂ©orie de l’histoire, de la politique, de la sociĂ©tĂ© et de la civilisation humaine. La premiĂšre traduction (1863) est celle du baron de Slane, Ă©lĂšve de l’orientaliste cĂ©lĂšbre Silvestre de Sacy. Cette version a suscitĂ© de nombreuses critiques qui ont pavĂ© la voie à deux nouvelles versions se prĂ©sentant comme meilleures que la prĂ©cĂ©dente. Il s'agit de la retraduction (1967-1968) de Vincent Monteil, qui vise à corriger la premiĂšre traduction, et de celle d’Abdassalam Cheddadi parue en 2002. Ce travail consiste à mener une analyse comparative des contextes socioculturels, politiques, historiques et personnels de ces deux retraductions, pour dĂ©gager les facteurs et les critiques qui les conditionnent. Or, ces critiques sont-elles objectives et constructives et surtout efficaces pour l’amĂ©lioration qualitative de la traduction d’Al Muqaddima
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