Hydrothermal Zoning in the Copper-Molybdenum System Beneath Red Cone Peak, Colorado

Red Cone Peak lies one mile south of the Continental Divide, about 50 miles southwest of Denver, Colorado, and five miles south of the town of Montezuma. The Red Cone igneous complex is within the Colorado Mineral Belt, a zone of igneous bodies and associated hydrothermal activity that crosses the mountainous part of the state from southwest to northeast. Mineralization within the Mineral Belt probably resulted from igneous activity that accompanied eastward-directed subduction of the Farallon Plate below North America as the Rocky Mountains formed. This research addresses a fundamental question: was there an early copper-rich event in the Mineral Belt that has gone unrecognized, and which may be related genetically to the well known molybdenum event that to date has characterized large-scale mineralization in the Belt? The Red Cone complex intruded from 42 to 38 million years ago, which was 5 to 10 million years before world-class molybdenum deposits at Climax (25 km to the southwest) and Henderson (20 km to the northeast). The timing of emplacement of the Red Cone complex, and the characteristics of the hydrothermal mineralization could put it in a category that is unique from the surrounding deposits. Samples from a 2000 foot drill core at Webster Pass, about 1.0km west of Red Cone Peak, will be used to characterize the lateral extent of the hydrothermal mineralization, and the presence of vertical zoning within the Red Cone complex. Rocks in the vicinity have been pervasively mineralized with pyrite, and polished thin sections have been made from samples collected at nine locations down the core. Copper and other trace elements (including molybdenum and gold) will be analyzed for using multi-element EDAX and electron microprobe techniques. The analysis will focus on individual pyrite grains, and these data will document variations in the trace element compositions of pyrite with depth into the igneous and hydrothermal system. Studies have shown that the Red Cone complex displays characteristics of a large porphyry-type metal system. The Climax and Henderson deposits have been well documented and are currently being mined. These bodies are two of the richest molybdenum deposits in the world, and they provide clues to understanding the emplacement and zoning of the rocks at Webster Pass. Results from the present study will provide a better understanding of the Red Cone system and a more complete picture of mineralization in this part of the Colorado Mineral Belt, which formed as the Rocky Mountains uplifted and western North America evolved over the past 70 million years

DEGREES OF FANDOM: AUTHENTICITY & HIERARCHY IN THE AGE OF MEDIA CONVERGENCE

Although interest in fandom studies have grown in recent decades, there remain core issues that are under-addressed, including attempts to theorize about fandom in a general way (as opposed to focusing on individual communities) and the influence of transmedia elements on existing fan structures and hierarchies. This study explored the ways that fans engage with particular texts and the ways that they engage with one another. Specifically, it considered (1) what it means to be an "authentic" fan, (2) how hierarchies are established within and between fan communities, and (3) the impact that the changing nature of mediated storytelling has on both authenticity and hierarchy. A combination of 25 in-depth semi-structured interviews and participant observation in both an online (TelevisionWithoutPity.com) and offline (Comic-Con International) setting were used to explore these issues. This study uncovered the following: (1) a continuum of fandom, ranging from the non-fan or casual fan at one extreme to the "too big" fan at the other, with several variants on the levels of fandom in between. Participants indicated that there was a point at which one's fandom can become "too big" or go "to far" and the behaviors associated with that level of fandom are less desirable; (2) participants identified several markers used to decide the size of one's fandom: cost, effort exerted, socializing, knowledge, and quoting. Within fan communities, participants pointed to official authority, investment, cultural capital and social capital as means of hierarchy creation. Between fan communities, divisions were established in one of three ways. Participants either differentiated between communities based on the object of fandom itself, based on the behavior of fans common to that group, or based on the medium applicable to that community. Demographic markers such as age and gender were applicable both when referring to the status within fan communities and between them. In keeping with common stereotypes outside fandom, women and young people were commonly highlighted as belonging to lower-status fandoms or engaging in behavior seen as less desirable; (3) participants presented both positive attributes of multiplatform media content or critiques of it or a combination thereof. This research contributes to fandom studies in three ways: (1) by suggesting that hierarchies do indeed exist, and that preferred placement within them is variable, (2) by focusing on multiple, diverse fan communities, as opposed to singular fandoms or communities related to them, and (3) by introducing a sliding scale of levels of fandom on which one can map and access fan behavior and activity, a concept new to the field. It also contributes to Bourdieu's theory of capital by establishing that social capital played a significant role in hierarchy construction

Classroom Interaction: some Qualitative and Quantitative Differences in a Mixed-ethnicity Classroom

Children\u27s classroom success has been attributed to a variety of factors (Watts, 1975). Among these factors are the quality and number of interactions occurring between the teacher and the students (Brophy and Good, 1974). Students who attract a greater proportion of the teacher\u27s time and experience more positive interactions are more likely to be successful than other students. Additionally it has been argued (McKessar and Thomas, 1978) that some students may have greater expertise in capturing a teacher\u27s attention, that is, by initiating interactions, while King (1979) considered that students engaged in behaviours which were designed to maintain the teacher\u27s performance expectations of them. Earlier literature suggested. that the teacher was responsible for controlling the nature and quality of classroom interactions (Flanders, 1970) but the interactional skills identified by the above researchers suggest that a reciprocal procedural agreement exists between the teacher and some students (Zimmerman, 1987)

Hydrothermal Zoning in the Copper-Molybdenum System beneath Red Cone Peak, Colorado

Red Cone Peak is about 50 miles southwest of Denver, Colorado, and five miles south of the town of Montezuma. The Red Cone igneous complex centered approximately 0.5mi. south of the Continental Divide is within the Colorado Mineral Belt, a zone of igneous bodies and associated hydrothermal mineralization that crosses the mountainous part of Colorado from southwest to northeast. Mineralization within the Mineral Belt is associated with igneous activity that likely accompanied east-directed subduction of the Farallon Plate beneath North America as the Rocky Mountain Cordillera of western North America formed. This research addresses a fundamental question: was there an early copper-rich event in the Mineral Belt that has gone unrecognized, and which may be related genetically to the well known molybdenum event that to date has characterized large-scale mineralization in the Mineral Belt? The Red Cone complex intruded from 41 to 37 million years ago, which was 5 to 10 million years before the formation of the world-class molybdenum deposits at Climax (15mi. to the southwest southwest of Red Cone) and Henderson (12mi. to the northeast). The timing of the intrusion of at Red Cone Peak, and the characteristics of the hydrothermal mineralization likely put it in a category that is unique from the Climax and Henderson deposits. Samples from a 2000 foot drill core at Webster Pass, a little over 0.5 miles northwest of Red Cone Peak have been used to characterize the lateral extent of the hydrothermal mineralization, and the presence of vertical zoning within the margin of the Red Cone complex. Rocks in the vicinity have been pervasively mineralized with pyrite, and polished thin sections were made from samples collected at nine locations down the core. Copper and other trace elements (including molybdenum and gold) were analyzed for in the polished thin sections using scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The analysis focused on individual pyrite grains with the thought that trace element variation, such as copper, might reveal subtle metal zoning in this part of the Red Cone System. Zoning with depth was not revealed in the WP-I core. These data document variations in the trace element compositions of pyrite with depth in the igneous and hydrothermal systems. The Red Cone complex displays characteristics of a large porphyry-type metal system. The Climax and Henderson deposits are two of the richest molybdenum deposits in the world, and they provide clues to understanding the emplacement and zoning of the rocks at Red Cone Peak, clues that will help to understand the porphyry mineralization and its place in the evolution of the Colorado Mineral Belt

Comparison of multiple methods for identification of hyperprolactinemia in the presence of macroprolactin

Macroprolactin is a large, heterogeneous form of prolactin with limited bioavailability. Detection of macroprolactin by different immunoassays varies widely. The objectives of this study were to determine the immunoreactivity of macroprolactin by the Ortho Clinical Diagnostics Vitros ECi prolactin immunoassay, establish the most effective method for interpreting the prolactin concentration after PEG-precipitation, and correlate the clinical features of hyperprolactinemia with the presence of macroprolactin

Mammalian Inscuteable Regulates Spindle Orientation and Cell Fate in the Developing Retina

During mammalian neurogenesis, progenitor cells can divide with the mitotic spindle oriented parallel or perpendicular to the surface of the neuroepithelium. Perpendicular divisions are more likely to be asymmetric and generate one progenitor and one neuronal precursor. Whether the orientation of the mitotic spindle actually determines their asymmetric outcome is unclear. Here, we characterize a mammalian homolog of Inscuteable (mInsc), a key regulator of spindle orientation in Drosophila. mInsc is expressed temporally and spatially in a manner that suggests a role in orienting the mitotic spindle in the developing nervous system. Using retroviral RNAi in rat retinal explants, we show that downregulation of mInsc inhibits vertical divisions. This results in enhanced proliferation, consistent with a higher frequency of symmetric divisions generating two proliferating cells. Our results suggest that the orientation of neural progenitor divisions is important for cell fate specification in the retina and determines their symmetric or asymmetric outcome

Mammalian Inscuteable Regulates Spindle Orientation and Cell Fate in the Developing Retina

During mammalian neurogenesis, progenitor cells can divide with the mitotic spindle oriented parallel or perpendicular to the surface of the neuroepithelium. Perpendicular divisions are more likely to be asymmetric and generate one progenitor and one neuronal precursor. Whether the orientation of the mitotic spindle actually determines their asymmetric outcome is unclear. Here, we characterize a mammalian homolog of Inscuteable (mInsc), a key regulator of spindle orientation in Drosophila. mInsc is expressed temporally and spatially in a manner that suggests a role in orienting the mitotic spindle in the developing nervous system. Using retroviral RNAi in rat retinal explants, we show that downregulation of mInsc inhibits vertical divisions. This results in enhanced proliferation, consistent with a higher frequency of symmetric divisions generating two proliferating cells. Our results suggest that the orientation of neural progenitor divisions is important for cell fate specification in the retina and determines their symmetric or asymmetric outcome

Post-translationally modified muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases as circulating biomarkers in experimental cancer cachexia

Cancer cachexia is a severe wasting syndrome characterized by the progressive loss of lean body mass and systemic inflammation. Up to 80% of cancer patients experience cachexia, with 20-30% of cancer-related deaths directly linked to cachexia. Despite efforts to identify early cachexia and cancer relapse, clinically useful markers are lacking. Recently, we identified the role of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases Atrogin-1 (MAFbx, FBXO32) and Muscle Ring Finger-1 in the pathogenesis of cardiac atrophy and hypertrophy. We hypothesized that during cachexia, the Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 ubiquitin ligases are released from muscle and migrate to the circulation where they could be detected and serve as a cachexia biomarker. To test this, we induced cachexia in mice using the C26 adenocarcinoma cells or vehicle (control). Body weight, tumor volume, and food consumption were measured from inoculation until ~day 14 to document cachexia. Western blot analysis of serum identified the presence of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 with unique post-translational modifications consistent with mono- and poly- ubiquitination of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 found only in cachectic serum. These findings suggest that both increased Atrogin-1 and the presence of unique post-translational modifications may serve as a surrogate marker specific for cachexia