De l'analyse au partage des données, quel(s) format(s) choisir ? L'exemple d'un corpus d'interactions parents-enfant

International audienceAny project dealing with corpus building will be faced with any array of different challenges. However, amongst these, the choice of the data encoding format will be central. This article describes the processing chain used during the ALIPE project whose aim is to build a corpus of verbal interactions between parents and their young children. In order to put together an organized, structured, documented, open-access resource with maximal interoperability, we selected two encoding formats: CHAT and XML-TEI. In this article, we introduce the methods used by the research team for data collection and annotation and describe how the data was assembled into a corpus. We also discuss the advantages of using the XML format with respect to data analysis as well as interoperability between corpus processing and analysis software.Les enjeux inhérents à tout projet de constitution de corpus sont divers mais, parmi ceux-ci, le choix du format d'encodage des données est central. Cet article expose la chaîne de traitement utilisée dans le cadre du projet ALIPE dans le but de constituer un corpus d'interactions orales entre des parents et leur jeune enfant. Afin de constituer une ressource organisée, structurée, documentée, libre d'accès et au maximum interopérable, nous avons retenu deux formats d'encodage : le format CHAT et le format XML-TEI. Nous présentons dans cette étude les méthodes utilisées par l'équipe de recherche pour récolter les données, les annoter et les rassembler dans le but de constituer un corpus. Nous évoquerons également les avantages que l'utilisation du format XML peut apporter pour l'analyse des données ainsi que pour l'interopérabilité entre logiciels de traitement et d'analyse de corpus

L'acquisition de la liaison : effets de fréquence et types d'erreurs en production.

International audienceThis study examines the role of lexical frequency in children's acquisition of liaison. The influence of parental input on the acquisition of liaison is investigated. Two factors are hypothesized to play a role in the acquisition of liaison: first, the frequency of the left word (Mot1); second, the frequency of the right word (Mot2). This study is based on the analysis of two corpus of a little girl. It will not be a question here of propose general facts. The objective of this work is to propose hypotheses which must be verified by the analysis of other corpuses

Cross-validating administrative and survey datasets through microsimulation and the assessment of a tax reform in Luxembourg

Using EUROMOD, we cross-validate two types of micro-data presently available in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, administrative data on one hand and survey data on the other hand. While administrative data, extracted from the recently implemented Social Security Data Warehouse, contain information of the whole population of Luxembourg (449,000 observations) in 2003, survey data, extracted from the Luxembourg household panel PSELL3/EU-SILC for 2004 (incomes from 2003), is a representative sample of around 3,600 private households (9,800 individuals) living in Luxembourg with detailed information on incomes, household structure and other socio-economic dimensions. As a concrete application of this cross-validation, we analyze the 2001-2002 tax reform in Luxembourg. The main aspects of this reform are the reduction of the number of the tax brackets and the fall of the maximal marginal tax rate (from 46% in 2000 to 42% in 2001 and to 38% in 2002). The distributional effects of the tax reform are measured in terms of losers and winners, change in inequalities and poverty rates. The results issued from different types of input data are compared for cross-validation and allow us to emphasize methodological difficulties as well as to underline the advantages and limitations of each dataset.EUROMOD ; Microsimulation ; Tax reform ; Validation

Production de liaisons dans l'input parental

Les études sur la liaison se sont pour la plupart focalisées sur des corpus issus de productions d'adultes (Agren, 1973 ; Mallet, 2008) ou d'enfants (Dugua, 2006 ; Nardy, 2008) sans que ne se croisent, autour d'un même corpus, les interactions parents-enfant. Concernant l'acquisition de ce sandhi, différentes hypothèses et autres scénarios apparaissent à ce jour à partir de corpus plus ou moins importants (Chevrot et al., 2009 ; Wauquier, 2010) sans pour autant que les productions adultes en direc-tion d'enfants ne soient décrites qualitativement et quantitativement. Grâce au projet Phonlex, nous avons pu recueillir six corpus denses d'interactions parents-enfant dans le but de décrire l'input parental et de mesurer son influence sur l'acquisition de la liaison. Notre première démarche est descriptive : il s'agit de rendre compte des liaisons que l'enfant entend réellement dans l'input. Pour ce faire, nous décrirons les contextes morphosyntaxiques et la nature lexicale des mots1 les plus présents. Une autre finalité, afin de tester le scénario basé sur l'usage proposé par Chevrot et al. (2009), concerne le fait de savoir si l'enfant peut se baser sur des structures récurrentes, régulières et limitées l'aidant à inférer un fonctionnement plus général. Enfin, pour répondre aux ob-servations émises par Wauquier (2010) sur le lien non avéré entre input et acquisition de la liaison, nous démontrerons grâce à l'analyse d'interactions parents-enfant que la production de formes erronées par les enfants semble fortement influencée par l'input adulte

Language after childhood hemispherectomy: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review on language outcomes after left and right hemispherectomy in childhood, a surgical procedure that involves removing or disconnecting a cerebral hemisphere. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase and PsycInfo for articles published between January 1, 1988 and May 16, 2019. We included: (1) all types of observational studies; (2) studies where hemispherectomy was carried out before age 18 and; (3) studies with standardised scores measuring receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, sentence comprehension, and/or sentence production. We calculated mean z-scores after left and right hemispherectomy in the whole group and within aetiology-specific subgroups. RESULTS: Our search identified 1,096 studies, of which 17 were eligible. The cohort added up to 205 individuals (62% left hemispherectomy) assessed 1 to 15 years after surgery. In the left surgery group, all language skills were impaired (z scores <-1.5) except sentence comprehension. In the right surgery group, language performance was in the borderline range (z scores ∼ -1.5). Children with cortical dysplasia showed the worst outcomes irrespective of surgery side (z scores <-2.5). Individuals with left vascular aetiology and right-sided Rasmussen Syndrome showed the best outcomes. CONCLUSION: Evidence based on the largest patient cohort to date (205 participants) suggests that the risk of language impairment after hemispherectomy is high, with few exceptions. Aetiology plays a major role in post-surgical plasticity. We recommend specialist evaluation of language skills soon after surgery to identify intervention targets. Large scale studies examining outcomes in consecutive cases are still needed

A HYDROGEN BOND INFLUENCES THE 5-HT1A/D4 SELECTIVITY OF WAY-100635 ANALOGUES: AN IN SILICO APPROACH

WAY-100635 is widely used in vitro and in vivo as an antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors. In terms of pharmacological tools and pharmacological investigations, the ideal reference molecule would be highly selective for its target over other related and non-related targets. However WAY-100635 displays affinity for and activity at D4 dopamine receptors, and that "off-target" activity confounds its use in pharmacological studies, particularly when both receptors are present. In this context, we carried out various chemical modifications of the WAY-100635 structure in order to improve its 5-HT1A versus D4 selectivity. An important increase of selectivity was obtained when the basic side chain of WAY-100635 was replaced by a 4-phenylpiperazine or a 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine moiety. In contrast, the introduction of nitrogen atoms in the acyl group decreased the selectivity by reducing the affinity for 5-HT1A receptors, on the one hand, and enhancing the affinity for D4 receptors on the other hand. In order to explain the reduced 5-HT1A/D4 selectivity of aza-derivatives, the binding modes of the compounds were explored by docking analysis on homology models of the two receptors. It appears that the formation of an additional hydrogen bond within D4 receptors could be the key of the decreased selectivity. These results will be very helpful for developing molecules with an improved 5-HT1A/D4 selectivity

Guided Graph Spectral Embedding: Application to the C. elegans Connectome

Graph spectral analysis can yield meaningful embeddings of graphs by providing insight into distributed features not directly accessible in nodal domain. Recent efforts in graph signal processing have proposed new decompositions-e.g., based on wavelets and Slepians-that can be applied to filter signals defined on the graph. In this work, we take inspiration from these constructions to define a new guided spectral embedding that combines maximizing energy concentration with minimizing modified embedded distance for a given importance weighting of the nodes. We show these optimization goals are intrinsically opposite, leading to a well-defined and stable spectral decomposition. The importance weighting allows to put the focus on particular nodes and tune the trade-off between global and local effects. Following the derivation of our new optimization criterion and its linear approximation, we exemplify the methodology on the C. elegans structural connectome. The results of our analyses confirm known observations on the nematode's neural network in terms of functionality and importance of cells. Compared to Laplacian embedding, the guided approach, focused on a certain class of cells (sensory, inter- and motoneurons), provides more biological insights, such as the distinction between somatic positions of cells, and their involvement in low or high order processing functions.Comment: 43 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Network Neuroscienc