Metodos para el manejo de enfermedades de pastos tropicales en Sur America

Durante la decada pasada, varias enfermedades de plantas forrajeras tropicales ocasionan perdidas considerables en America del Sur. Casi todas lasenfermedades han ocurrido en praderas de leguminosas nativas promisorias, en regiones de produccion de pastos, mientras que las gramineas introducidas de Africa han tenido pocos problemas de enfermedades. El significado de esta diferencia es discutible. El posible manejo de enfermedades en praderas tropicales incluye control quimico y biologico, control natural a traves de saneamiento, asociacion estrategica, manejo de praderas y resistencia. El saneamiento a traves de la quema y asociacion estrategica ha mostrado potencial para el manejo de enfermedades de plantas forrajeras tropicales. Aunque la resistencia se considera como el metodo de manejo de enfermedades mas practico, su origen parece estar modificado por las caracteristicas de los ecosistemas de las praderas tropicales en America del Sur. (Extracto

Work domain analysis and intelligent transport systems: Implications for vehicle design

This article presents a Work Domain Analysis (WDA) of the road transport system in Victoria, Australia. A series of driver information requirements and tasks that could potentially be supported through the use of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are then extracted from the WDA. The potential use of ITS technologies to circumvent these information gaps and provide additional support to drivers is discussed. It is concluded that driver information requirements are currently not entirely satisfied by contemporary vehicle design and also that there are a number of driving tasks that could be further supported through the provision of supplementary systems within vehicles

The use of adjective-noun, verb-noun and phrasal-verb-noun collocations in Estonian learner corpus of English

Vocabulary is one of the most crucial aspects of language learning but a large vocabulary does not always guarantee effective communication. The knowledge of collocations is also important as it improves the fluency and quality of spoken or written language. Unfortunately, learning collocations can be a difficult task because there are no exact rules why some words fit together and others do not. Studies have shown that congruency (i.e. the presence or absence of L1 translation equivalent) and collocate-node relationship (i.e. the type of a collocation) can influence the use of collocations in learner language. The characteristics of learner language can nowadays be studied by analysing written or spoken learner corpus stored in a computer database. Hundreds of learner corpora have been compiled around the world but in Estonia only few corpora have been built, none of them comprising of texts produced by Estonian learners of English. In 2014, a learner corpus of 127 essays was developed at the English Department of the University of Tartu, which finally made it possible to investigate the use of different collocations in Estonian EFL learners’ writing. The thesis has two main chapters. The first chapter describes the definitions of the term collocation¸ explains the role of learner corpus in language teaching and gives an overview of previous research conducted. The second chapter describes the empirical study carried out in this thesis, explains the methodology, target collocations and the procedure of collecting the data. The study in this paper adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative corpus analysis approaches. The AntConc Word List and Concordance tools (Anthony 2014) were used in order to extract all adjective-noun, verb-noun and phrasal-verb-noun collocations that were related to the most frequently used nouns in the corpus. The subchapter addressing the results presents the most frequently used adjective-noun, verb-noun and phrasal-verb-noun collocations found in the study, the distribution of collocations based on collocate-node relationship and congruency, and finally it analyses the naturalness of the collocations found in the English language. The last section in the second chapter presents an interpretation of the findings.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4581563*es

The autism diagnostic encounter in action: Using video reflexive ethnography to explore the assessment of autism in the clinical trial

Despite the increasing visibility of autism, this disorder has resisted a consistent and stable diagnostic definition, treatment approaches, and biomedical and genetic attempts to make sense of how it manifests within the body. That this confusion remains despite the enormous biosocial productivity of the category indicates that there is likely a unique set of circumstances, an “epistemic murk” (Eyal et al 2014), in which autism exists, and perhaps thrives. Given there is limited understanding of how clinicians diagnose ASD in practice, especially within the diagnostic encounter of the clinical trial, this thesis focuses on the contention and “epistemic murk” that surrounds autism as the object of the clinical trial and the paradoxical attempts by medicine and the psy-sciences to codify, standardise and quantify this heterogeneous disorder. Using a video-reflexive ethnographic (VRE) approach, I observed and videoed 22 diagnostic sessions with parents and children over two years as part of a randomised double blind placebo-controlled drug trial in a children’s hospital in New South Wales, Australia. Edited clips from these videos were later played back to the clinician in reflexive one-on-one feedback sessions with the researcher, allowing the collaborative analysis of complex diagnostic data. This video data provides a rich, negotiated, embodied and socially nuanced picture of the autism diagnostic encounter in action within the clinical trial. In this context, autism is no longer perceived solely as a set of observable behaviours, but rather a disorder that is firmly located within the brain and its processes. ASD medication, the disorder itself, and the individual ASD brain cannot be properly conceptualised without each other, with each element feeding into a classificatory loop. This data also demonstrates how participants must constantly negotiate between the inherently qualitative nature of the diagnosis in practice and the standardised agenda of the clinical trial, which views disorder as a quantitative deviation from a statistical norm. The thesis argues that during the diagnosis, the clinician must filter, categorise and quantify this complex, inter-subjective, experiential knowledge to fit with what counts as measurable evidence. However, it is behind the scenes that the real labour of the clinical trial occurs. This labour generates data through participants’ value-orientation, their experiences, stories, and corporeal translation of knowledge. This diagnostic work is above all complex, value-laden and qualitative

Sorting Out Autism Spectrum Disorders: Evidence-Based Medicine and the Complexities of the Clinical Encounter

Clinical decisions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are commonly based upon heterogeneous evidence and ‘expert opinion’. To date, research examining how paediatricians are using (or not using) evidence-based medicine (EBM) to diagnose and treat patients with an ASD has been absent within the literature across all disciplines. To understand how Australian paediatricians are using EBM to conceptualise, diagnose, and treat patients with an ASD, this study interviewed nine paediatricians in private practice using a face-to-face, semi-structured approach. Participants were asked questions about diagnosis and treatment of ASDs, and general questions about their attitudes towards EBM. Analysis of the interviews revealed four key factors affecting the clinical encounter with the ASD patient: the role of experience in the clinical encounter, the tacit and experiential nature of diagnosing and treating ASDs, skilful and creative interaction between the paediatrician and the diagnostic tools (tool “tinkering”), and the influence of political and social forces. This study contributes to sociological understandings of EBM and how it is used by paediatricians to diagnose and treat ASDs. It also demonstrates that this process involves constant negotiation between clinical experience, the evidence, intersubjective evaluation, and social forces

Sorting Out Autism Spectrum Disorders: Evidence-Based Medicine and the Complexities of the Clinical Encounter

Clinical decisions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are commonly based upon heterogeneous evidence and ‘expert opinion’. To date, research examining how paediatricians are using (or not using) evidence-based medicine (EBM) to diagnose and treat patients with an ASD has been absent within the literature across all disciplines. To understand how Australian paediatricians are using EBM to conceptualise, diagnose, and treat patients with an ASD, this study interviewed nine paediatricians in private practice using a face-to-face, semi-structured approach. Participants were asked questions about diagnosis and treatment of ASDs, and general questions about their attitudes towards EBM. Analysis of the interviews revealed four key factors affecting the clinical encounter with the ASD patient: the role of experience in the clinical encounter, the tacit and experiential nature of diagnosing and treating ASDs, skilful and creative interaction between the paediatrician and the diagnostic tools (tool “tinkering”), and the influence of political and social forces. This study contributes to sociological understandings of EBM and how it is used by paediatricians to diagnose and treat ASDs. It also demonstrates that this process involves constant negotiation between clinical experience, the evidence, intersubjective evaluation, and social forces

Membrane fluidity of RBL-2h3 cells treated with insulin and BMOV using time-correlated single photon counting fluorescence anisotropy

2013 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.Transition metal compounds have been shown to be insulin-enhancing but the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. With obesity, diabetes and other metabolic derangements increasing in developed countries, understanding the effects these compounds will better target drug therapy. Previous investigations have focused on vanadium and have studied the effects on protein-protein interactions in the insulin signaling pathway. In this paper, we propose that the mechanism of action may also include interactions with the plasma membrane. Lipids as bioactive molecules are on the horizon as the next great area of exploration in biochemistry and molecular biology. Within the insulin signaling pathway, the insulin receptor functions optimally in areas of specialized lipid packing that are characterized as small detergent insoluble regions enriched in sphingomyelin and cholesterol and termed lipid rafts. These lipid rafts are a subset of microdomains within the plasma membrane. Obesity and excess lipids have been shown to increase inflammation via increases in free fatty acids, cytokines, TNF-α, and reactive oxygen species resulting in the peroxidation of membrane lipids. We propose that one cause of insulin resistance, a failure of insulin receptors to respond to insulin, is due to disruption of the membrane lipids resulting in an increase in membrane fluidity. This disruption results in displacement of insulin receptors out of specialized lipid rafts. We propose that treatment with vanadium will result in an increase in membrane rigidity favoring lipid raft formation and restoration of insulin receptors to a platform favoring optimal signaling. Time-correlated single photon counting fluorescence anisotropy was used to measure the membrane fluidity of RBL-2H3 cells treated with insulin and the vanadium compound bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV)