New Wine Into Fresh Wineskins: Contextualizing the Early Christian Confessions

Author: Longenecker, Richard N. Title: New wine into fresh wineskins. Publisher: Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson Pubs, 1999

Decolonizing Biblical Studies: a View From the Margins

Author: Fernando F. Segovia. Title: Decolonizing Biblical Studies. Publisher: Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Bks, 2000

Pseudoparalysis and pseudoparesis of the shoulder

Background Clinical presentation of massive rotator cuff tears range from pain to loss of active range of motion. Pseudoparalysis and pseudoparesis are defined inconsistently in the literature, but both include limited active with maintained passive range of motion. Objective This article aims to provide a consistent definition of pseudoparalysis and pseudoparesis of the shoulder and show structural and biomechanical differences between these two types of rotator cuff tear with their implications for treatment. Methods A literature review including key and basic papers discussing clinical symptoms, biomechanical differences, and their impact on therapeutic options for pseudoparalysis and pseudoparesis was performed. Results Biomechanically, structural differences between pseudoparalysis (active scapular plane abduction 50%) and fatty infiltration of the subscapularis muscle. Treatment options depend on the acuteness and repairability of the tear. Rotator cuff repair can reliably reverse the active loss of active range of motion in acute and reparable rotator cuff tears. In chronic and irreparable cases reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is the most reliable treatment option in elderly patients. Conclusion The most concise definition of pseudoparalysis is a massive rotator cuff tear that leads to limited active (<45° shoulder elevation) with free passive range of motion in the absence of neurologic deficits as the reason for loss of active elevation. The integrity of the subscapularis tendon is the most important difference between a pseudoparalytic and pseudoparetic (active shoulder elevation 45–90°) shoulder. Decision-making for surgical options depends more on reparability of the tendon tear and patient age than on differentiation between pseudoparalysis and pseudoparesis. = Hintergrund Rotatorenmanschettenmassenrupturen machen fast die Hälfte der behandelten Rotatorenmanschettenrupturen aus. Die klinische Symptomatik erstreckt sich von Schmerzen bis zum Verlust der aktiven Schultergelenkbeweglichkeit. Die Begriffe „Pseudoparalyse und Pseudoparese“ werden in der Literatur inkonsistent verwendet. Beiden Begriffen gemeinsam ist eine limitierte aktive bei simultan vorliegender freier passiver Schulterbeweglichkeit. Fragestellung Es soll eine konsistente Definition für Pseudoparalyse und Pseudoparese der Schulter erstellt werden. Die strukturellen und biomechanischen Unterschiede zwischen diesen beiden Typen von Rotatorenmanschettenrupturen werden aufgezeigt, sowie deren Einfluss auf die Behandlung analysiert. Methoden Eine Übersichtsarbeit über die Schlüssel- und Grundlagenstudien bezüglich klinischer Symptome, biomechanischer Unterschiede sowie deren Einfluss auf die Therapieoptionen für Pseudoparalyse und Pseudoparese wurde durchgeführt. Ergebnisse Biomechanisch bestehen strukturelle Unterschiede zwischen Pseudoparalyse (aktive Abduktion in der Skapulaebene unter 45°) und Pseudoparese (aktive Abduktion in der Skapulaebene zwischen 45 und 90°). Im Fall einer posterosuperioren Rotatorenmanschettenmassenruptur ist die Integrität des unteren Subskapularissehnenanteils der stärkste prädiktive Faktor für die aktive Elevation des Humerus. Patienten mit einer Pseudoparalyse haben häufig eine Rupturausdehnung in die untere Hälfte der Subskapularissehne sowie einen höheren Grad der fettigen Infiltration der Subskapularismuskulatur. Die therapeutischen Optionen sind abhängig vom Zeitpunkt und der Reparierbarkeit der Ruptur. Die Rekonstruktion einer akuten und rekonstruierbaren Rotatorenmanschettenruptur kann zuverlässig die aktive Beweglichkeit wiederherstellen. In chronischen und irreparablen Fällen variieren die therapeutischen Optionen von konservativ, partieller Rotatorenmanschettenrekonstruktion, superiorer Kapselrekonstruktion, zu Sehnentransfer und schließlich inverser Schulterprothese, wobei Letztere die zuverlässigste Behandlungsoption insbesondere bei älteren Menschen darstellt. Schlussfolgerung Die konsistenteste Definition für eine Pseudoparalyse der Schulter beinhaltet eine massive Rotatorenmanschettenruptur, die zu einer eingeschränkten aktiven (<45° Schulterelevation) bei freier passiver Schultergelenkbeweglichkeit – ohne neurologische Ursache für eine Paralyse – führt. Die Integrität der Subskapularissehne ist der wichtigste strukturelle Unterscheidungspunkt zwischen einer pseudoparalytischen und pseudoparetischen (aktive Schulterelevation zwischen 45 und 90°) Schulter. Die Entscheidungsfindung für die chirurgischen Therapieoptionen richtet sich mehr nach der Rekonstruktionsmöglichkeit einer Sehnenruptur und dem Alter des Patienten als nach der Differenzierung zwischen Pseudoparalyse und -parese

An empirical application of stochastic volatility models to Latin-American stock returns using GH skew student's t-distribution

This paper represents empirical studies of stochastic volatility (SV) models for daily stocks returns data of a set of Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru) for the sample period 1996:01-2013:12. We estimate SV models incorporating both leverage effects and skewed heavy-tailed disturbances taking into account the GH Skew Student’s t-distribution using the Bayesian estimation method proposed by Nakajima and Omori (2012). A model comparison between the competing SV models with symmetric Student´s t-disturbances is provided using the log marginal likelihoods in the empirical study. A prior sensitivity analysis is also provided. The results suggest that there are leverage effects in all indices considered but there is not enough evidence for Peru, and skewed heavy-tailed disturbances is confirmed only for Argentina, symmetric heavy-tailed disturbances for Mexico, Brazil and Chile, and symmetric Normal disturbances for Peru. Furthermore, we find that the GH Skew Student s t-disturbance distribution in the SV model is successful in describing the distribution of the daily stock return data for Peru, Argentina and Brazil over the traditional symmetric Student´s t-disturbance distribution.Tesi

Situating 2 Timothy in early Christian history

The New Testament letter of 2 Timothy has generally been studied in the context of two other letters, 1 Timothy and Titus. These three letters, known as the Pastoral Epistles, each purports to be written by Paul. Though some scholars defend this notion, the majority of critical scholars argue they were not written by Paul, but by someone in the early second century. For these scholars, a later date better explains several aspects of these letters that make Pauline authorship difficult to explain. One crucial aspect is that the language, particularly the vocabulary and style of the Pastoral Epistles, is significantly different from the other letters attributed to Paul. Following a recent trend of evaluating 2 Timothy as distinct from the other two letters, this thesis explores the language used in 2 Timothy. Of the three letters, 2 Timothy is the most Pauline in vocabulary and style. Even though scholars have recognized that 2 Timothy is atypical among the Pastoral Epistles, it is often overshadowed by the other two letters. Only recently have the unique features of 2 Timothy been given more notice is theories of authorship. Regarding the issue of language, I review, evaluate and utilize data from the seminal work of P.N. Harrison (1921) on the vocabulary of the Pastoral Epistles, focusing on the vocabulary of 2 Timothy. In terms of vocabulary, 2 Timothy is quantitatively more “Pauline” than the other two Pastoral Epistles. In addition, though more recent statistical analyses vary in their conclusions about whether the Pastorals are Pauline in their style, they consistently demonstrate that, of the three letters, 2 Timothy is the most Pauline. In comparison of vocabulary shared by 2 Timothy and Philippians, a letter most likely written by Paul, I highlight some important parallels in vocabulary usage. Though the author is ultimately unknown, the Pauline characteristics of 2 Timothy should be incorporated into the theories that attempt to situate 2 Timothy in early Christian history