Localizing Dirac field states

11 págs.; 3 figs.; trabajo fin de máster, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.Non-locality and quantum appear together entitling scientific projects and papers quite usually. These are two hardly detachable concepts and modern quantum theories are built up taking into account this aspect explicitly. However, that characteristic turns challenging from a fundamental point of view and can be unhelpful for practical purposes. Here, we construct quantum field theory with deliberately local aspects for a 1+1 dimensional Dirac field in flat spacetime generalizing a recently developed formalism for scalar fields. That purpose is achieved exploiting the non-uniqueness of quantization process. This local construction leads to a natural notion of local quanta and provides a local algebra of operators. As an application, it is shown that the standard vacuum state is a boiling soup of local particles and this fact is connected with a still Gedankenexperiment consisting in slamming down and removing a mirror in an empty cavity.Peer Reviewe

Seeing the extraordinary in the ordinary

This online article on photographer Diane Arbus was commissioned by Photoworks

The art of Fay Ballard

Following JG Ballard’s death, his daughter and artist Fay Ballard found clues to her mother who died when she was a child, that provoked hidden and forgotten memories. This has formed the background to her art practices including the medium of family photography, drawings and found objects that belonged to her parents. The essay also explores biography and how this impacts on creative processes. Interviews with the artist at her family home and studio revealed many ways that the memories from childhood were key in how she created the drawings and installations in the exhibition. In conversations the art, that on the surface seemed stable and secure, but on reflection was confined and repressed. Researching the relationship between memory and photography via the family photographs from the Ballard suburban home became key in exploring the work in the exhibition and writing about it. Alongside were key objects that had provoked memories for Fay Ballard, and gave her the impetus to create the works and to explore her personal family history and childhood memories

Mendicant Orders in Medieval Prussia and Livonia: Pastoral Activities in Towns

The paper presents the general conditions in which the pastoral work of mendicant orders was conducted in the domains of the Teutonic Order and particular bishoprics in Prussia and Livonia, at the same time indicating similarities and differences in the situations in which friars had to work in these areas. The research focuses exclusively on pastoral work conducted among the urban population. The network of mendicant friaries in Prussia and Livonia was a reflection of the demographic potential and the degree of urbanisation of both parts of the domains of the Teutonic Order. The scale of effectiveness of the friars is authenticated by numerous references to prayer agreements concluded with members of religious orders and guilds of craftsmen, burials in friary churches (tombstones), and bequests of townspeople. The degree of success of mendicant orders and the support of the townspeople is confirmed in the partially preserved great hall-type churches erected by mendicants in the main towns (Gdańsk, Toruń, Tallinn, Riga).Key words: mendicant orders, domains of the Teutonic Order, Prussia, Livonia, pastoral activities in towns

Cistercian Nuns of Zarnowitz (Żarnowiec) and the Teutonic Order in the years 1309‒1454

The subject of this study is an attempt to determine major matters over which direct relations between the congregation of Cistercian nuns of Zarnovitz (Pol. Żarnowiec) and the Teutonic Order, kept during its rule over Eastern Pomerania. As has been indicated, the grounds for contacts between the cloister and the Teutonic Order were established by the Grand Master or his representatives, in this case the commander of Danzig and the fish master (Fischmeister), based in Putzig. The nature of these contacts were mostly cases regarding the confirmation of borders and the purchases of property. From the point of view of the Teutonic Order, the Cistercian nuns’ cloister was in that regard strictly connected with the abbey of Oliwa. In the first half of the 15th century, a certain independence of the prioress can be seen, which is reflected in her direct contacts with the Grand Master. We do not know whether it was a manifestation of the prioress’s own initiative undertaken in regard to matters of property, or actions of the Teutonic Order, who may have wanted to loosen the actual relations of the monastery with the abbey of Oliva. Another area of mutual contacts were cases regarding the delineation of properties between the cloister and the Teutonic order and, in particular, resolving border disputes with knights. In these cases, the Teutonic Order acted as an arbitrator. A separate matter was the bestowal by the Grand Master of the right to present the parson in the parish of Putzig to the Cistercian nuns, and the intervention of the Teutonic Order’s procurator in Rome regarding the later incorporation of the parish. Alongside issues regarding confirmations of border territories and property purchases of the convent in Zarnowitz, remarks referring to the character of the relationship of the Cistercian nuns with the convent in Oliva are also formulated in this paper, in addition to the significance of the relationship in direct contacts of the prioress and the sisters with the Teutonic Order.The subject of this study is an attempt to determine major matters over which direct relations between the congregation of Cistercian nuns of Zarnovitz (Pol. Żarnowiec) and the Teutonic Order, kept during its rule over Eastern Pomerania. As has been indicated, the grounds for contacts between the cloister and the Teutonic Order were established by the Grand Master or his representatives, in this case the commander of Danzig and the fish master (Fischmeister), based in Putzig. The nature of these contacts were mostly cases regarding the confirmation of borders and the purchases of property. From the point of view of the Teutonic Order, the Cistercian nuns’ cloister was in that regard strictly connected with the abbey of Oliwa. In the first half of the 15th century, a certain independence of the prioress can be seen, which is reflected in her direct contacts with the Grand Master. We do not know whether it was a manifestation of the prioress’s own initiative undertaken in regard to matters of property, or actions of the Teutonic Order, who may have wanted to loosen the actual relations of the monastery with the abbey of Oliva. Another area of mutual contacts were cases regarding the delineation of properties between the cloister and the Teutonic order and, in particular, resolving border disputes with knights. In these cases, the Teutonic Order acted as an arbitrator. A separate matter was the bestowal by the Grand Master of the right to present the parson in the parish of Putzig to the Cistercian nuns, and the intervention of the Teutonic Order’s procurator in Rome regarding the later incorporation of the parish. Alongside issues regarding confirmations of border territories and property purchases of the convent in Zarnowitz, remarks referring to the character of the relationship of the Cistercian nuns with the convent in Oliva are also formulated in this paper, in addition to the significance of the relationship in direct contacts of the prioress and the sisters with the Teutonic Order