Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 variant following booster vaccination or breakthrough infection in the UK

Following primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, whether boosters or breakthrough infections provide greater protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection is incompletely understood. Here we investigated SARS-CoV-2 antibody correlates of protection against new Omicron BA.4/5 (re-)infections and anti-spike IgG antibody trajectories after a third/booster vaccination or breakthrough infection following second vaccination in 154,149 adults ≥18 y from the United Kingdom general population. Higher antibody levels were associated with increased protection against Omicron BA.4/5 infection and breakthrough infections were associated with higher levels of protection at any given antibody level than boosters. Breakthrough infections generated similar antibody levels to boosters, and the subsequent antibody declines were slightly slower than after boosters. Together our findings show breakthrough infection provides longer-lasting protection against further infections than booster vaccinations. Our findings, considered alongside the risks of severe infection and long-term consequences of infection, have important implications for vaccine policy

Improving the representativeness of UK’s national COVID-19 Infection Survey through spatio-temporal regression and post-stratification

Population-representative estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and antibody levels in specific geographic areas at different time points are needed to optimise policy responses. However, even population-wide surveys are potentially impacted by biases arising from differences in participation rates across key groups. Here, we used spatio-temporal regression and post-stratification models to UK’s national COVID-19 Infection Survey (CIS) to obtain representative estimates of PCR positivity (6,496,052 tests) and antibody prevalence (1,941,333 tests) for different regions, ages and ethnicities (7-December-2020 to 4-May-2022). Not accounting for vaccination status through post-stratification led to small underestimation of PCR positivity, but more substantial overestimations of antibody levels in the population (up to 21 percentage points), particularly in groups with low vaccine uptake in the general population. There was marked variation in the relative contribution of different areas and age-groups to each wave. Future analyses of infectious disease surveys should take into account major drivers of outcomes of interest that may also influence participation, with vaccination being an important factor to consider

Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 variant following booster vaccination or breakthrough infection in the UK

Following primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, whether boosters or breakthrough infections provide greater protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection is incompletely understood. Here we investigated SARS-CoV-2 antibody correlates of protection against new Omicron BA.4/5 (re-)infections and anti-spike IgG antibody trajectories after a third/booster vaccination or breakthrough infection following second vaccination in 154,149 adults ≥18 y from the United Kingdom general population. Higher antibody levels were associated with increased protection against Omicron BA.4/5 infection and breakthrough infections were associated with higher levels of protection at any given antibody level than boosters. Breakthrough infections generated similar antibody levels to boosters, and the subsequent antibody declines were slightly slower than after boosters. Together our findings show breakthrough infection provides longer-lasting protection against further infections than booster vaccinations. Our findings, considered alongside the risks of severe infection and long-term consequences of infection, have important implications for vaccine policy

The Effect of Heat on the Structure of Neodymium

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse pellentesque ex magna, sit amet elementum nibh vehicula eget. Aenean molestie vel sem sed pellentesque. Aliquam dignissim scelerisque odio in pharetra. Morbi porttitor dolor urna, at pharetra nibh condimentum vitae. Cras vel arcu sed augue vehicula scelerisque id ac velit

DIGITAL STEREO MICROSCOPE WITH HAND-EYE COLLOCATION FOR SURGERY

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (FOE

Role of mir-483-5p in stress and anxiety

Stress and anxiety disorders are often severely debilitating to the individual and contribute immensely to the health care costs. Surveys have estimated that 33.7% of the population is affected by these disorders at least once in their lifetime. Financial burden of anxiety disorders within the European Union is over 41 billion Euros in 2004. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying neuronal and synaptic plasticity mechanisms that contribute to the adaptation and maladaptation to stress and anxiety is essential to offer therapeutic interventions to stress and anxiety disorders. microRNAs (miRs) have been identified to be involved in the orchestration of cellular mechanisms facilitating neuronal and synaptic plasticity. Animal models have been used to understand these mechanisms since they offer flexibility in studying several aspects of these conditions that are unobtainable from human studies due to technical and ethical issues. Here, we have used mice model to study the role of miRs in the amygdala, a brain region implicated in stress, fear and anxiety. We have identified several miRs, one of which is mir-483-5p, that is upregulated in the amygdala following 6hr restraint stress (6hRS). Further investigation revealed that mir-483-5p is enriched and upregulated in synaptosomes of the amygdalar neurons following stress. Moreover, overexpression of mir-483-5p was sufficient to induce changes in dendritic arborisation and spine proportions. Twelve genes were identified as potential targets of mir-483-5p that are expressed in the amygdala and respond to stress using miR target prediction algorithms and gene ontology lists. Out of these twelve in silico predicted targets, three genes (Pgap2, Gpx3 and Macf1) showed down-regulation by mir-483-5p in N2a cells. Furthermore, using luciferase assay, we established a direct interaction of mir-483-5p at the predicted 3’UTR of these three target mRNAs. In vivo experiments showed that these targets are down-regulated in the amygdala following 6hRS where Pgap2 also showed a reduction in synaptosomal compartments. Finally, we assayed the behaviour of mice after bilaterally overexpressing mir-48-5p or knocking down Pgap2 in mice amygdala. Both of these cohorts of animals, relative to their controls, exhibited anxiolytic behaviour. Hitherto, our data suggest that mir-483- 5p, through the downregulation of Pgap2 in the amygdala, contribute to the mediation of anxiolytic behaviour in mice. Understanding the mechanisms and deciphering the molecular partners of mir-483-5p/Pgap2 interaction could advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in neuronal and synaptic plasticity leading to anxiolytic behaviour and adaptive response to stress

Metropolitan Area Network evolution

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is the first span of network that connects subscribers and business to the Wide Area Networks (WAN). Initial MAN deployments were TDM based that scaled well to meet the requirements of circuit switched traffic. The use of data rich applications forced the service providers to expand their infrastructure in MAN and WAN. MAN needs to evolve to carry statistically multiplexed data to WAN in a cost efficient way. The obvious choice was to extend the use of Ethernet to MAN. Certain enhancements were needed for the traditional Ethernet to bring in the needed scalability, manageability, robustness and Quality of Service (QoS) for providing carrier grade transport service. Native Ethernet standard evolved to a Carrier Ethernet (CE) standard called Provider Backbone Bridge-Traffic Engineering (PBB-TE). PBB-TE is an IEEE standard. ITU-T developed a layer-2 MPLS standard called Transport-MPLS (T-MPLS) to provide Carrier Ethernet Transport (CET) based on MPLS labels. In order to make the MPLS based CET to be compatible with IETF based layer-3 MPLS, ITU-T and IETF jointly developed a standard called MPLS-Transport Profile (MPLS-TP). PBB-TE and MPLS-TP are the leading implementation options for CET. This thesis analyses the features of these leading CET implementation options. The analysis consists of two parts. The first part is analysing the PBB-TE based and MPLS/MPLS-TP based CET implementations based on the metrics like performance, scalability, reliability, complexity, and manageability. The second part is a scenario analysis of CET implementation for a green field service provider, an incumbent service provider, and a service provider providing mobile backhaul. The result of the analysis shows that PBB-TE is a solution for a green field service provider and for mobile backhaul. For an incumbent service provider, the CET option is MPLS-TP

AN IMAGING DEVICE AND METHOD

US20100103247A1Published Applicatio

On the unity of knowing and acting : an enquiry concerning the epistemological foundations of David Hume's moral philosophy /

Diss. doct.Deneckere, Git