An Overview of the European Court of Human Rights

Based on the European Convention on Human Rights, in 1959 the European Court of Human Rights was established in order to deal with applications against member states (High Contracting Parties) about the violation of the rights and freedoms contained in the Convention including: the right to life, the prohibition of slavery, servitude and forced labor, the right to liberty and security, the right to begin entitled to a fair trial, the right to freedom of expression, the right to respect for one’s private and family life, the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion and so on. Subsequently, various Protocols were annexed to this Convention including the Protocol 11 of European Convention on Human Rights. Through eliminating former two-steps system consisting of European Commission of Human Rights (ECHR) and the European Court of Human Rights, the system became one-step. A fundamental revision was made in the structure and the proceedings system of the Court. In this article, along with the introduction and the consideration of the structure and the judicial procedure of the new Court, we proceed to examine the Court jurisdiction and how the decisions are made

Tetrameric DABCO™-Bromine: an Efficient and Versatile Reagent for Bromination of Various Organic Compounds

Tetrameric DABCO™-bromine is a powerful brominating agent but shows reasonable selectivity with certain substrates. The selective bromination for activated aromatic compounds and alkenes is reported. Synthesis of -bromo ketones and nitriles has also been achieved by using this reagent and the results are also reported. All products reported were obtained in good to excellent yields.KEYWORDS: Tetrameric DABCO™-Bromine, TDB, solid supports, bromination, -bromination, 1,2-dibromo compounds, bromohydrin

The Nationalization of Oil Industry from the Point of View of the International Law

Following the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry  on March 20,  1951 and the ouster of Anglo-Persian oil company, the British government (taking account of the content and the prescribed arrangements in the text of the agreement between Iran and the British petroleum company) believed that the law of the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry would be considered as a unilateral cancellation; consequently, to exert its political support against Iran the British government filed a Statement of Claim in the secretariat of the International Court of Justice on February 5, 1952 referring to  the declaration of the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of  the International Court of Justice by Iran. The Iranian government in an opposing action prepared a reply under the title of " The Preliminary Considerations over the Rejection of Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice by the Iranian Government" and submitted it to the International Court of Justice on March 6, 1952. The Iranian Government, mentioning some reasons, objected to the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice to hear the case. To reject the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, the Iranian government addressed this issue that the decision related to the nationalization of oil is an issue associated with Iran's internal affairs (the 2nd paragraph of the article 7 of the Charter of the United Nations) and also mentioned the other reasons which were addressed in the text of that reply. Despite the reasoning of the both parties to the claim; anyway, the judgement of the International Court of Justice was rendered after discussion and consultation sessions. In this judgement the International Court of Justice, dismissing the claim and complaint made by the Britain government and putting emphasis on its incompetency over hearing the case, rendered an order for the benefit of Iran and the case was gotten off the agenda of the International Court of Justice.The present article is an attempt to investigate: the process of the formation of this case from the beginning to the declaration of the judgement of the International Court of Justice, the reasoning of the parties to the claim, and the judges of the International Court of Justice and that it is a confirmation for proving the legitimacy of the Iranian government and nation in the nationalization of oil industry from the approach of the International law

Interference Analysis for on the Move Satellite Communication Systems

We consider on the move satellite systems with geostationary satellites. Using the antenna pointing distribution of Weerackody and Gonzalez, we derive tight upper and lower bounds on the interference to adjacent satellites from the on the move platforms. We then compute the distribution of the interference and the system outage probability. Simulation results are provided demonstrating that our estimates are very good.Engineering and Applied Science

Geometric morphometric analysis of the molars in three species of the genus Mus (Mus) (Rodentia, Muridae) based on the outline method

The relatively new technique of outline-based geometric morphometrics was applied in a study of the variation in the shape of the upper and lower molars among 122 mice, belonging to one species from Iran (Mus musculus) and two species from Europe (Mus macedonicus, Mus spicilegus). Differentiation of specimens based on molar shape was highly dependent on the details of the shape information. Among molars, the second upper and first lower molars are better at separating the species. This method provides a useful way to distinguish species based on the outline of their molars.Keywords: shape variation; upper and lower molars; mice; Iran; Europe

A Novel Approach to Reservoir Simulation Using Supervised Learning

Numerical reservoir simulation has been a fundamental tool in field development and planning. It has been used to replicate reservoir performance and study the effects of different field conditions in various reservoir management scenarios, and during field development and planning. Consequently, physics-based simulations have been heavily used during various reservoir studies such as history matching, uncertainty quantification and production optimisation; grid size and geological complexity also have a significant influence on the speed of the simulation. Furthermore, heterogeneities such as natural or hydraulic fractures can cause convergence problems and make the simulation even more time-consuming and computationally expensive. Due to being computationally demanding, such studies are also extremely time intensive. As a result of this downside, it is practically impossible to follow workflows such as the closed-loop reservoir management approach, which recommends updating the model every time a set of new data is available. Additionally, any management scenario must be approached from a business and economic standpoint. This means that, based on the predefined objectives within the study, the respective layers of precision must be chosen by the user. Therefore, if less expensive techniques can be implemented and provide adequate results, the use of more accurate and costly methods cannot be justified. One popular solution in overcoming this problem involves the creation of an approximate proxy model for the required features of the desired reservoir. This is achieved by either replacing or combining the physics-based model with this approximate model. However, by following this approach, the designed proxy model is only able to represent its corresponding reservoir, with a new proxy model needed to be rebuilt from scratch for any new reservoir. With consideration to the overall runtime, it can be observed that the time taken in iteratively running a numerical reservoir simulation may be faster than the time taken by the entire process of building, validating and using a proxy model. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the feasibility, advantages and contribution of a complete stand-alone AI-based simulator, Deep Net Simulator (DNS), in a wide range of different conventional and tight sand reservoir scenarios in 1D, 2D and 3D space. This thesis involves the use of deep learning to create a data-driven simulator, Deep Net Simulator (DNS), that enables the simulation of a wide range of reservoirs. Unlike conventional proxy approaches, a large amount of data is collected from multiple reservoirs with varying configurations and complexities. This results in the creation of a comprehensive database, including various possible reservoirs’ features and scenarios. The hypothesis is that such an approach will enable the data driven model to perceive and understand the principles that make up reservoir modelling and that the model will act as an excellent approximation to the equations that traditional physics-based numerical simulators solve. This objective is highly possible, since deep learning has been shown to be a great universal function estimator, which is capable of estimating the physics once given enough data and observations. Hence, this thesis aims to develop a series of data-driven models with the aforementioned features for various types of reservoirs. Initially, a workflow is designed to integrate a commercial simulator with a data extraction algorithm, enabling the generation of input-output simulation datasets. Next, the datasets are generated and reviewed. These datasets are then used in the training, validating and testing of the developed models. These developed data-driven models are able to learn and reproduce the physics governing fluid flow for a range of different scenarios: a single-phase oil reservoir in one-dimensional space, a single-phase gas reservoir in two-dimensional space, a single-phase gas reservoir in three-dimensional space, and hydraulically fractured tight gas reservoirs in two-dimensional space. The developed model was evaluated in terms of precision, speed, and reliability. For each scenario, the developed model was compared with a commercial reservoir simulator, and its performance was assessed using the following metrics: mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean relative error, mean square error, root mean square error and r squared. The developed model was able to predict 45%, 70% and 90% of the cases with less than 5%, 10% and 15% MAPE, respectively. Furthermore, depending on the number of cells requiring outputs, the developed model was able to reduce runtime by 100% up to 1.04E+08%. This thesis takes the first steps towards establishing a new approach using AI and deep learning, for reservoir management procedure that is cheaper, less computationally demanding and more adaptable. This approach may result in a better value creation alongside a quicker decision-making process and, possibly, the advantage of integrating other attributes and data that are currently not used in physics-based models.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum and Energy Resources, 202

Incidental findings detected with panoramic radiography: prevalence calculated on a sample of 2017 cases treated at a major Italian trauma and cancer centre

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of incidental findings, not strictly related to dentistry, viewed with panoramic radiography. Methods: Panoramic radiographs performed between December 2013 and June 2016 were retrospectively collected. These images were analyzed, searching for incidental findings. All the information collected was statistically analysed Results: A total of 2307 Panoramic Radiograph were analyzed and 2017 of them were included in the study. 529 incidental findings were seen: 255 (48.2%) were ESP (Elongation of Styloid Process), 167 were CAC (Carotid Artery Calcification) (31.57%), 36 were maxillary sinus pathologies (6.8%) and 71 were other incidental findings (13.42%). The total prevalence of IF was 26, 23%., CAC was 8.28% in the total population, and it was higher in women (9.82%) than men (6.54%). 48.5% of CAC were bilateral. When unilateral, the right side showed a higher right side prevalence. The prevalence of ESP was 12.64% in total population (men: 13.82%; women: 11.60%). 84.71% of ESP were bilateral and, when present unilaterally, no side difference was seen. 13.33% of the ESP appeared segmented. The prevalence of maxillary sinus pathologies was 1.78% (men: 2.32%; women: 1.31%). Only 8.33% of these pathologies were bilateral, and, when unilateral, they were mostly present on the right side. Between the 71 other IF (prevalence: 3.52%), sialoliths and tonsilloliths were assessed most frequently. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of incidental findings detected with panoramic radiography, dental practitioners should be aware of the various pathologic conditions seen on the panoramic radiographs

Beam Selection Gain from Butler Matrices

We consider a wireless transmission scenario, when a base station is endowed with a fixed beamforming network, where M antennas are employed at the base station to point beams to predetermined azimuthal angles. In our setting, a Butler matrix is deployed at the RF stage to form M beams, and then the best beam is selected for transmission. We derive the distribution of the beam selection gain for this scenario under a Rician channel assumption as a function of both the azimuthal location of the remote unit and the Rician K-factor. Using some key properties of the noncentral chi-square distribution, we prove that beam selection outperforms manual antenna selection.Engineering and Applied Science

Development and Testing of a Modified Version of Stroop Test for the Assessment of Sexual Functioning: A Modified Sexual Stroop Test in Persian Language (MSST-Persian)

Aim: Modified versions of the Stroop task have been used in various kinds of clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to develop a Sexual Stroop Task.Method: This study consists of two phases. First phase included designing the sexual Stroop task after searching and selecting Persian sexual and neutral words, and the second phase was related to the pilot study. For finding Persian sexual words, we used four different methods but for neutral words we used the words used in other Stroop studies. Then, we came up with 2 general categories as neutral and sexual words which were randomly specified as green and red colors. The developed computerized version of the Sexual Stroop Task was run on 69 participants as a pilot study. Results: Participants (N=69) had longer response times for words related to sex in comparison to neutral words. And the total time which was spent on sexual words was more than the total time for neutral words. The percentage of the correct neutral words was also higher than correct neutral words.Conclusion: This preliminary study presented a new version of emotional Stoop test that seems to be a promising instrument to study the neuropsychological aspects of sexuality