151 research outputs found

    The Middle level managers road to job satisfaction : A qualitative study of how job delegation, job decision latitude and job satisfaction affect eachother, from a middle level managers perspective

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    Titel: Mellanchefens vĂ€g till arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse - En kvalitativ studie om hur arbetsdelegering, arbetsbeslutsgrad och arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse pĂ„verkar varandra sett frĂ„n  mellanchefens perspektiv. NivĂ„: C-uppsats inom Ă€mnet företagsekonomi Författare: Jacob Kjessler och Joakim Delking Handledare: Signe Jernberg och Kristina Mickelsson Datum: 2018 - maj Syfte: Inom företag finner vi mellanchefer, en anstĂ€lld som befinner sig i mitten av organisationen med ledning och styrelse ovanför sig och anstĂ€llda under sig. Krav stĂ€lls pĂ„ dessa mellanchefer att arbeta effektivt med hög produktivitet dĂ€r mĂ„nga beslut behöver fattas. Detta kan medföra att mellanchefer uppfattar en hög press i form av att arbeta hĂ„rt med brist pĂ„ resursen tid och mellanchefer behöver arbeta effektivt för att klara av det dagliga arbetet vilket de kan göra genom deras höga arbetsbeslutsgrad. Denna höga press pĂ„ effektivitet, produktivitet samt hög arbetstid kan medföra en minskning av mellanchefens arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse. För att hantera denna press med begrĂ€nsade tidsresurs finns ledarskapsverktyget arbetsdelegering. Arbetsdelegering till underordnade gör att mellanchefer kan ge ifrĂ„n sig auktoritet och kontroll att utföra uppgifter, vilket har en effekt pĂ„ att mellanchefens arbetstid frigörs. Med detta sagt finner vi tre begrepp, arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse, arbetsbeslutsgrad samt arbetsdelegering som Ă€r relaterade med varandra men vi vet inte hur de pĂ„verkar varandra. Hur dessa begrepp pĂ„verkar varandra kan bana vĂ€g för hur mellanchefer kan anvĂ€nda sig av dessa begrepp för att nĂ„ en hög arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse, inneha en vĂ€lbalanserad arbetsbeslutsgrad samt arbeta effektivt med delegering. För att förstĂ„ detta stĂ€ller vi oss frĂ„gan; Hur pĂ„verkas arbetsbeslutsgraden nĂ€r delegering av arbetsuppgifter till underordnade sker, pĂ„verkar Ă€ven denna delegering mellanchefens arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse samt om fallet Ă€r sĂ„ att delegering pĂ„verkar arbetsbeslutsgraden, kan arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelsen pĂ„verkas ocksĂ„? Detta mynnar ut i ett syfte dĂ€r denna studie vill skapa en fördjupad förstĂ„else hur dessa begrepp pĂ„verkar varandra; ArbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse Arbetsbeslutsgrad Arbetsdelegering till underordnade  Metod: För att göra denna studie möjlig har vi utfört 11 kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vi skapade ett urval med hjĂ€lp av strategiskt urval som grundar sig i vissa kriterier som vi tror vĂ„ra respondenter behöver ha för att skapa ett resultat som hjĂ€lper oss att finna hur dessa begrepp pĂ„verkar varandra. Resultat och Slutsats: Vi fann hur arbetsdelegering och arbetsbeslutsgrad pĂ„verkar varandra, samtidigt som dessa tvĂ„ begreppet pĂ„verkar varandra fann vi att högre frekvent anvĂ€ndning av arbetsdelegering positivt pĂ„verkar mellanchefens arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse. DĂ„ arbetsdelegering minskar arbetsbeslutsgrad fann vi Ă€ven att den minskade arbetsbeslutsgraden Ă€ven pĂ„verkar arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelsen positivt. Uppsatsens bidrag: Mellanchefers arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse har tidigare inte behandlats inom företagsekonomin. Vi ger dĂ€rför företagsekonomin en teoretisk insikt i hur arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse, arbetsbeslutsgrad samt arbetsdelegering pĂ„verkar varandra. Dock pĂ„ grund av den begrĂ€nsade forskningen inom detta omrĂ„de ger vi en första inblick sett frĂ„n mellanchefers synsĂ€tt. Förslag pĂ„ fortsatt forskning: Vi har sammanfattat fyra punkter som förslag till ytterligare forskning. Först anser vi att ytterligare studier behöver genomföras för att styrka vĂ„r slutsats, dĂ€r studier som anvĂ€nder sig av fler respondenter Ă€r i fokus. Andra förslaget kretsar kring denna studies synsĂ€tt, dĂ„ vi endast utgĂ„tt frĂ„n mellanchefers perspektiv behöver detta kompletteras med fler perspektiv frĂ„n underordnade och överordnade. Tredje förslaget inkluderar ett mönster vi sĂ„g under intervjuerna, teorin menar att mer erfarenhet ocksĂ„ kommer resultera i att mellanchefer anvĂ€nder sig utav arbetsdelegering mer frekvent. Detta vad dock inget vi kunde se under vĂ„ra intervjuer, dĂ€rför anser vi att fortsatt forskning inom omrĂ„det hur erfarenheten hos mellanchefer pĂ„verkar deras sĂ€tt att se pĂ„ arbetsdelegering. Sista och fjĂ€rde förslaget innebĂ€r vad kontroll och auktoritet över en uppgiften egentligen Ă€r? Nyckelord: Arbetsbeslutsgrad, arbetsbelastning, arbetstillfredsstĂ€llelse, mellanchefer, arbetsdelegering.Title: The Middle level managers road to job satisfaction - A qualitative study of how job delegation, job decision latitude and job satisfaction affect eachother, from a middle level managers perspective. Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Jacob Kjessler and Joakim Delking Supervisor: Signe Jernberg and Kristina Mickelsson Date: 2018– May Aim: Within companies we find the middle level managers, located in the middle of the organization with managers above them, as well as employees underneath. Requirements are made on these middle level managers to work efficiently with high productivity, where many decisions need to be made. This may cause middle managers to perceive high pressure in terms of working hard with lack of resource time, middle managers need to work effectively to cope with daily work, which can be summed up as high levels of job decision latitude. This high pressure on efficiency, productivity and high working hours can lead to a reduction of the mid-career's job satisfaction. To manage this press with limited time resources, the leadership tool delegation could be an option. Subordination of work to subordinates allows middle level managers to give authority and control to perform tasks, which has the effect of releasing the mid-term working hours. Having said that, we find three concepts, job satisfaction, job decision latitude, and job delegation that seem to coincide with each other, but we do not know how they affect each other. How these concepts affect each other can pave the way for middle level managers to use these concepts to achieve high job satisfaction, maintain a well-balanced job decision latitude, and see benefits of job delegation. In order to understand this, we ask ourselves the question; How does job decision latitude affect when delegation of duties to subordinates takes place, does this delegation affect the middle level managers job satisfaction, and if the case is such that delegation affects the level of job decision latitude, can job satisfaction also be affected? This opens up for a aim in which this study wants to create an in-depth understanding of how these concepts affect each other; Job satisfaction Employment Decisions Degree Work delegation to subordinates Method: In order to make this study possible we have conducted 11 qualitative semistructured interviews. We created a selection using strategic selection based on certain criteria that we believe our respondents need to create a result that helps us find out how these concepts affect each other. Result & Conclusions: We found how job delegation and job decision latitude affect each other. While these two concepts affect each other, we found that higher frequent use of job delegation positively affects the middle level managers job satisfaction. As labor delegation reduces the level of workability we also found that the reduced job decision latitude also has a positive impact on job satisfaction. Contribution of the thesis: Middle level managers job satisfaction has previously not been addressed in the business administration. We therefore give the business economics a theoretical insight into how job satisfaction, job decision latitude and work delegation affect each other. However, due to the limited research in this area, we provide a first insight from the middle level managers approach. Suggestions for future research: We have summarized three points as suggestions for further research. First, we consider that further studies need to be conducted to reinforce our conclusion, where studies that use more respondents are in focus. The second proposal focuses on this study approach, since we only started from the middle managers perspective, we ask further studies to include more perspectives from subordinates and superiors. The third suggestion includes a pattern we saw during the interviews, the theory means that more work experience will also affect how much middle managers uses job delegation as a management tool. This, however was nothing we could see during our interviews, we therefore believe that further research in the field should be made of how the experience of middle managers affects their way of looking at work delegation. The last and fourth proposals mean what control and authority over a task really is? Key words: Job Decision Latitude, Job Demands, Job Satisfaction, Middle level manager, Job Delegation

    Reduce, Recover, Reuse - En komparativ fallstudie över de politiska flöden som pÄverkar införandet av en Bottle Bill i Colorado och Maine

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    This thesis deals with policy processes concerning implementation of bottle bills in Colorado and Maine, USA. The empirical data was collected using mostly online sources and analyzed using theories from Kingdon and Baungartner et al. The conclusion is that the industry lobby organizations have less power than usually perceived. The real influential power lies with the people of the two different states, since they have voting rights and can turn down suggestions for the bottle bills, which has been presented in both states, but it only passed in in Maine

    Tidsvinster med automatiserade regressionstester

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    Denna studie undersöker tidsvinsterna med en investeringen av automatiserade regressionstester i förhÄllande till manuellt genomförande. Syftet med detta Àr att skapa ett beslutsunderlag av ROI och break-even berÀkningar med avsikten att minska osÀkerheten ifall investeringen kommer resultera i en tidsvinst under systemets livslÀngd samt hur stora dessa vinster kan bli. För att undersöka detta har automatiska regressionstester utvecklats, dÀr en mÀtning av tidsÄtgÄngen för detta anvÀndes som den investerade tiden. De automatiska testernas tid för genomförandet av studiens testfall jÀmfördes med den manuella motsvarigheten. Detta har tillsammans med empiriskt material frÄn intervjuer stÄtt som grund för ROI och break-even berÀkningar gÀllande investeringen av automatiska regressionstester. Det empiriska materialet bidrog till berÀkningarna med parametrarna testfrekvens, testmÀngd och livslÀngd. Till skillnad frÄn tidigare forskning genomför studien berÀkningar med flera testfrekvenser, vilket resulterade i att Àven vid en relativt lÄg testfrekvens har automatiska regressionstester goda förutsÀttningar för ett positivt ROI. Vid en medel till hög testfrekvens kunde break-even punkten uppnÄs inom ett Är med möjligheter för stora tidsvinster. Det empiriska materialet har Àven pÄvisat att uppstartsfasen, systemtypen, testfallens komplexitet och ÄteranvÀndning Àr faktorer som kan pÄverka tidsvinsterna. This study examines the time savings of an investment in automated regression tests relative to a manual approach. The purpose of this is to produce an underlay for decision making consisting of ROI and break-even calculations which has the intention of reducing uncertainty in case the investment will result in time savings within the systems life span as well as how big these savings can become. To examine this, automated regression tests have been developed where time spent was measured to be used as the invested time. The time it took for the automated tests to execute the studies test cases were compared with the manual counterpart. This has, together with the empirical material from the interviews, formed the basis for ROI and break-even calculations regarding the investment of automated regression tests. The empirical material contributed to the calculations with parameters for test frequency, test amount and life span. Unlike previous research, this study uses calculations with a higher amount of test frequencies which showed that even with a relatively low test frequency, automated regression tests have good opportunities for a positive ROI. With a medium to high test frequency, the break-even point was reached within one year with possibilities for great time savings. The empirical material has also shown that the start-up phase, system type, test case complexity and reusability are factors that can affect the time savings.

    Hur formas chefskapet? : En kvalitativ studie om hur chefer upplever sin yrkesroll

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    This qualitative interview based essay aims to examine how managers perceive their management role in an organization and more specified to what extent management is shaped by the individual’s personal attributes versus how much is controlled by the organization. The essay’s second central aspect is how scope for action is perceived by managers in their profession, as well as their reasoning concerning their and other managers’ exchangeability. To examine this, we used semi structured interviews with four managers active in different lines of business. Our theoretical framework aimes to enlighten the relationship between organizational and individual. Our results and thereby the conclusion of the essay is that the management role is affected by a correlation between organization and individual. The organization gives the manager space to act/scope for action under the preresquisite that the organization’s goals and demands are achieved. These demands from the organization create a sense of duty in the manager, which results in them tempering their personal values to benefit the organization. The managers’ scope for action also makes it possible for them to put their own stamp on the profession, which in turn leads to them being harder to replace (as a manager). We have found that the personal attributes, in organizations where the manager has been given a lot of scope for action, then have greater significance in shaping the profession. Despite this we found that the organization affects the profession in a greater extent than the individual’s attributes, since the scope for action is given only if the organizations’ goals and demands are achieved

    Tidsvinster med automatiserade regressionstester

    No full text
    Denna studie undersöker tidsvinsterna med en investeringen av automatiserade regressionstester i förhÄllande till manuellt genomförande. Syftet med detta Àr att skapa ett beslutsunderlag av ROI och break-even berÀkningar med avsikten att minska osÀkerheten ifall investeringen kommer resultera i en tidsvinst under systemets livslÀngd samt hur stora dessa vinster kan bli. För att undersöka detta har automatiska regressionstester utvecklats, dÀr en mÀtning av tidsÄtgÄngen för detta anvÀndes som den investerade tiden. De automatiska testernas tid för genomförandet av studiens testfall jÀmfördes med den manuella motsvarigheten. Detta har tillsammans med empiriskt material frÄn intervjuer stÄtt som grund för ROI och break-even berÀkningar gÀllande investeringen av automatiska regressionstester. Det empiriska materialet bidrog till berÀkningarna med parametrarna testfrekvens, testmÀngd och livslÀngd. Till skillnad frÄn tidigare forskning genomför studien berÀkningar med flera testfrekvenser, vilket resulterade i att Àven vid en relativt lÄg testfrekvens har automatiska regressionstester goda förutsÀttningar för ett positivt ROI. Vid en medel till hög testfrekvens kunde break-even punkten uppnÄs inom ett Är med möjligheter för stora tidsvinster. Det empiriska materialet har Àven pÄvisat att uppstartsfasen, systemtypen, testfallens komplexitet och ÄteranvÀndning Àr faktorer som kan pÄverka tidsvinsterna. This study examines the time savings of an investment in automated regression tests relative to a manual approach. The purpose of this is to produce an underlay for decision making consisting of ROI and break-even calculations which has the intention of reducing uncertainty in case the investment will result in time savings within the systems life span as well as how big these savings can become. To examine this, automated regression tests have been developed where time spent was measured to be used as the invested time. The time it took for the automated tests to execute the studies test cases were compared with the manual counterpart. This has, together with the empirical material from the interviews, formed the basis for ROI and break-even calculations regarding the investment of automated regression tests. The empirical material contributed to the calculations with parameters for test frequency, test amount and life span. Unlike previous research, this study uses calculations with a higher amount of test frequencies which showed that even with a relatively low test frequency, automated regression tests have good opportunities for a positive ROI. With a medium to high test frequency, the break-even point was reached within one year with possibilities for great time savings. The empirical material has also shown that the start-up phase, system type, test case complexity and reusability are factors that can affect the time savings.
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