Prinzipien der Stichwortauswahl im Deutschen Fremdwörterbuch

Das Deutsche Fremdwörterbuch ist ein historisch-entwicklungsbezogenes Dokumentationswörterbuch. Dementsprechend liegt der Schwerpunkt der Beschreibung auf der Geschichte, insbesondere der Bedeutungsgeschichte der Fremdwörter im Deutschen. Aufgenommen werden deshalb hauptsächlich die Fremdwörter, die eine Geschichte im Deutschen haben. Bei der Bearbeitung des Teils R - Z befolgen wir den Grundsatz, daß als Hauptstichwörter nur die integrierten Fremdwörter der deutschen Standardsprache der Gegenwart (etwa 1950 bis zur Bearbeitungszeit) aufgenommen werden. Daß dieser wohl einleuchtende, aber doch sehr allgemein formulierte Grundsatz viele praktische Schwierigkeiten mit sich bringt, liegt auf der Hand. Denn die Spruchweisheit vom Teufel, der im Detail steckt, ist der Lexikographie wie auf den Leib geschnitten. Im folgenden soll deshalb dieser Grundsatz von der Praxis her näher beleuchtet werden

Authentic alignment : toward an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) informed model of the learning environment in health professions education

It is well established that the goals of education can only be achieved through the constructive alignment of instruction, learning and assessment. There is a gap in research interpreting the lived experiences of stakeholders within the UK learning environment toward understanding the real impact – authenticity – of curricular alignment. This investigation uses a critical realist framework to explore the emergent quality of authenticity as a function of alignment.This project deals broadly with alignment of anatomy pedagogy within UK undergraduate medical education. The thread of alignment is woven through four aims: 1) to understand the alignment of anatomy within the medical curriculum via the relationships of its stakeholders; 2) to explore the apparent complexity of the learning environment (LE); 3) to generate a critical evaluation of the methodology, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis as an approach appropriate for realist research in the complex fields of medical and health professions education; 4) to propose a functional, authentic model of the learning environment.Findings indicate that the complexity and uncertainty inherent in the LE can be reflected in spatiotemporal models. Findings meet the thesis aims, suggesting: 1) the alignment of anatomy within the medical curriculum is complex and forms a multiplicity of perspectives; 2) this complexity is ripe for phenomenological exploration; 3) IPA is particularly suitable for realist research exploring complexity in HPE; 4) Authentic Alignment theory offers a spatiotemporal model of the complex HPE learning environment:the T-icosa

Revisiting Batchelor's theory of two-dimensional turbulence

Recent mathematical results have shown that a central assumption in the theory of two-dimensional turbulence proposed by Batchelor (Phys. Fluids, vol. 12, 1969, p. 233) is false. That theory, which predicts a X-2/3 k(-1) enstrophy spectrum in the inertial range of freely-decaying turbulence, and which has evidently been successful in describing certain aspects of numerical simulations at high Reynolds numbers Re, assumes that there is a finite, non-zero enstrophy dissipation X in the limit of infinite Re. This, however, is not true for flows having finite vorticity. The enstrophy dissipation in fact vanishes. We revisit Batchelor's theory and propose a simple modification of it to ensure vanishing X in the limit Re -> infinity. Our proposal is supported by high Reynolds number simulations which confirm that X decays like 1/ln Re, and which, following the time of peak enstrophy dissipation, exhibit enstrophy spectra containing an increasing proportion of the total enstrophy (omega(2))/2 in the inertial range as Re increases. Together with the mathematical analysis of vanishing X, these observations motivate a straightforward and, indeed, alarmingly simple modification of Batchelor's theory: just replace Batchelor's enstrophy spectrum X(2/3)k(-1) with (omega(2))k(-1)(In Re)(-1).Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Dna Polymerase Alpha: The Eukaryotic Lagging Strand Polymerase

This work is an in vitro study of the DNA polymerase {dollar}\alpha{dollar}-DNA primase complex, which is thought to synthesize DNA on the lagging strand at replication forks. We have purified the complex, and studied two aspects of RNA primed DNA synthesis catalyzed by this enzyme complex in vitro.;DNA polymerase {dollar}\alpha{dollar} has been purified from cultured mouse Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, by classical purification methods, to a specific activity of 60 000 units/mg total protein. The purified DNA polymerase {dollar}\alpha{dollar} complex has four subunits, 182, 70, 55, and 47kDa. A 3{dollar}\sp\prime\to 5\sp\prime{dollar} exonuclease activity, detected after treatment of the complex with ethylene glycol, cosedimented with the DNA polymerase activity, on sedimentation through glycerol gradients. The sensitivity of DNA polymerase {dollar}\alpha{dollar} to the nucleotide analogues butylphenyl-dGTP and butylanilino-dATP did not change when the 3{dollar}\sp\prime\to 5\sp\prime{dollar} exonuclease was active.;The effect of template DNA sequence on the rate of initiation of RNA primed DNA synthesis by the purified mouse DNA polymerase {dollar}\alpha{dollar}-primase complex was examined. We have observed discontinuous DNA synthesis, which was dependent on ATP or GTP. RNA primed initiation is favoured 10 nucleotides upstream of 3{dollar}\sp\prime{dollar} CCA and 3{dollar}\sp\prime{dollar} CCC sequences, which we have called {dollar}\psi{dollar}. Alteration of the {dollar}\psi{dollar} domain led to changes in the rate of RNA primed DNA synthesis, and kinetic analysis showed that these changes were due to less efficient interaction with the DNA template. Changes in the K{dollar}\sb{lcub}\rm m{rcub}{dollar} with respect to DNA concentration (from an optimal 6pM to 240pM) were observed when {dollar}\psi{dollar} was varied from the consensus sequences. Mutations in actual sites of priming led to an altered rate of synthesis of RNA primed DNA chains, reflected in changes in V{dollar}\sb{lcub}\rm max{rcub}{dollar} for the reaction (from 5.5-30pmol deoxynucleotides incorporated/hour).;DNA polymerase {dollar}\alpha{dollar} was also studied in a direct gap filling assay. DNA polymerase {dollar}\alpha{dollar} is able to fill gaps to completion. However, incorporation of the final nucleotide was biphasic. This was reflected in an increased K{dollar}\sb{lcub}\rm m{rcub}{dollar} for de novo incorporation of one nucleotide at a single nucleotide gap (0.7mM), as opposed to the K{dollar}\sb{lcub}\rm m{rcub}{dollar} for incorporation of one nucleotide into singly primed M13 DNA (0.18mM)

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationThe purpose of this study was to determine the association of each of five cardiometabolic risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, elevated triglycerides, low high density lipoproteins, obesity), and MetS (three or more risk factors present) with the level of physical function 1) prior to surgery in patients with TKA/THA surgery and 2) 6 weeks postsurgery in patients with TKA/THA surgery, controlling for age, sex, physical activity, and comorbidity. Patient physical function data were retrospectively extracted from a clinical orthopedic database between September of 2008 and November of 2010. Comorbidities were obtained by chart abstraction. Patients were ≥40 years old with a primary total hip or knee arthroplasty. Relationships between MetS and its individual components, and physical function were completed using the Lower Extremity Function Scale (LEFS) and SF-36 physical component score (PCS). Covariates were age, sex, comorbidities, and physical activity. Preoperatively, a total of 174 TKA and 112 THA candidates were included. For TKA candidates, mean LEFS scores were significantly (p<0.001) lower for patients with MetS (30.0, SD 14.2) than without MetS (39.9, SD 16.0). In TKA cohort, MetS remained significantly associated with reduced lower-extremity physical function; additionally, female sex, chronic back pain and insomnia significantly reduced preoperative lower-extremity physical function, in the adjusted analysis. For THA iv candidates, adjusted analysis found MetS and being female were significantly (p<0.05) associated with worse lower-extremity physical function. Postoperatively, 170 and 111 patients with a total knee and total hip arthroplasty were included. In the adjusted analysis: Diabetes, chronic back pain and presurgical physical function remained significantly associated with reduced postoperative lowerextremity physical function. For THA, being female, chronic back pain and presurgical physical function were significantly (p<0.05) associated with worse physical health. MetS was not significantly associated with postoperative physical function (PCS or LEFS) in the THA/TKA population. This study provides evidence that MetS, back pain, and insomnia are modifiable conditions that influence preoperative physical function while back pain, diabetes and preoperative physical function are modifiable conditions that influence postoperative physical function. MetS was not associated with postoperative physical function in either the TKA or THA cohort

Old Seeland, New Netherland and New Zealand: Some Thoughts on the Possible "Discovery" of Investment Treaty Arbitration in New Zealand

New Zealand has to date enjoyed the luxury of engaging with the modern investment treaty regime through only three free-trade agreements with compulsory investor-State arbitration clauses. This may be about to change. New Zealand is negotiating a series of further free-trade agreements, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, many of which are likely to provide for investor-State dispute resolution. New Zealand faces a choice in these negotiations: should it reject investment treaty arbitration on the basis that the risks, especially the perceived risks of restricted freedom to regulate, are too great or instead seek to make use of the opportunities investment treaty arbitration presents? This article looks at the evolving system of investment treaty arbitration and the different ways in which States seek to make use of it, with a focus on the Netherlands, the United States, and New Zealand