Human skeletal muscle derived microvesicles induce apoptosis in highly metastatic prostate cancer cells

The human skeletal muscle is a highly vascularised tissue that contributes approximately 40% of the total body mass. These two factors make it a prime target for secondary cancer metastases. Surprisingly, malignant cancers rarely metastasize to the skeletal muscle. Only 1.6% of all soft tissue sarcomas (muscle) examined are metastatic in origin. Various researchers over the years have therefore tried to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to this rarity of secondary metastasis but they still remain obscure. Although some have postulated high levels of lactic acid or reported factors such as adenosine released by the skeletal muscle cell to create a toxic environment for secondary tumour development, the role of skeletal muscle microvesicles (MVs) on tumour cells is yet to be reported. In previous work we showed MVs capable of fusing with target cells. In this study, we show that MVs derived from human skeletal muscle cells (HSkMC) have a cytotoxic effect (inducing 30% apoptosis) upon interaction with highly metastatic prostate cancer cells (PC3M). We therefore postulate that HSkMC MVs and possibly exosomes may contain certain protein factor(s) that could be the cause of the cytotoxic effect observed on targeted tumour cells.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING SKILL BY USING PQ4R (PREVIEW, QUESTION, READ, REFLECT, RECITE AND REVIEW) STRATEGY AT THE FIRST GRADE STUDENTS OF MTsN PILANGKENCENG IN THE 2015/ 2016 ACADEMIC YEARS

Key Words: PQ4R Strategy, Reading Skill Reading is one of important basic language skills used by students in English lesson. However, some of students’ reading skill at first grade of MTsN Pilangkenceng in the academic year of 2015/2016 is still emphasized on monotonous strategy, and make students boring. One of the ways is by using new strategy to improve students’ interest. This strategy is PQ4R strategy. The target is helping the students to remember what they read, so that students will gain new information. This strategy hopefully can help students to understand the text and make interesting lesson. In accordance to the fact above, the researcher formulated the statement of the problems; they are does and how does PQ4R strategy improve the students’ reading skill at the first grade of MTsN Pilangkenceng in academic year 2015/2016”?. Furthermore the researcher has two purposes in this research, there are to find out the PQ4R strategy to improve the students’ reading skill at first grade of MTsN Pilangkenceng in the academic year 2015/2016 and to find out how the implementation of PQ4R strategy can improve the students’ reading skill at first grade of MTsN Pilangkenceng in the academic year 2015/2016. This research used Classroom Action Research (CAR) to apply PQ4R strategy. This subject was the students at the first grade of 7D students of MTsN Pilangkenceng in the academic year of 2015/2016 that consisted of 38 students. The research was started on July 31st until August 8th 2013. This research was conducted in two cycles and used three research instruments. They were observation checklist, questionnaire, and test. This research was done in two cycles. In cycle I, the result of students’ observation score was 50%. It showed that during teaching and learning process the students had been fair active. The result of questionnaire score was 52.7%. It showed that students fair enjoying. From the student’s test result, there were 20 students can reached and 18 students cannot reach of basic criteria minimum or KKM. It meant that this research had not successful. In cycle II, the students’ result of observation checklist was 83.3%. It showed that the students were more active than before. Questionnaire score was 83.3%, it showed that the students were very enjoying and more interested in studying English, especially in reading. The students’ percentage of test that got the minimum score based on KKM was 100%. It meant that the students’ achievements were very satisfying and was successful. Finally, the researcher gave suggestion that English teacher could use PQ4R strategy as alternative strategy in teaching reading

Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation

Extra-cellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer membrane structures enriched with proteins, nucleic acids and other active molecules and have been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes over the past decade. Recently, evidence suggests EVs to play a more dichotomic role in the regulation of the immune system, whereby an immune response may be enhanced or supressed by EVs depending on their cell of origin and its functional state. EVs derived from antigen (Ag)-presenting cells for instance, have been involved in both innate and acquired (or adaptive) immune responses, as Ag carriers or presenters, or as vehicles for delivering active signalling molecules. On the other hand, tumor and stem cell derived EVs have been identified to exert an inhibitory effect on immune responses by carrying immuno-modulatory effectors, such as transcriptional factors, non-coding RNA (Species) and cytokines. In addition, stem cell-derived EVs have also been reported to impair dendritic cell maturation and to regulate the activation, differentiation and proliferation of B cells. They have been shown to control natural killer cell activity and to suppress the innate immune response. Studies reporting the role of EVs on T lymphocyte modulation are controversial. Discrepancy in literature may be due to stem cell culture conditions, methods of EV purification, EV molecular content and functional state of both parental and target cells. However, mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs were shown to play a more suppressive role by shifting T cells from an activated to a T regulatory phenotype. In this review we will discuss how stem cell-derived EVs may contribute towards the modulation of the immune response. Collectively, stem cell-derived EVs mainly exhibit an inhibitory effect on the immune system

Pengaruh Implementasi Knowledge Management Terhadap Kepuasan Pasien Di Rumah Sakit Umum Dadi Keluarga Purwokerto

AbstrakRumah sakit ialah lembaga yang kompleks karena terdapat masalah yang rumit sebab melibatkan suatu sistematika yang menghasikan jasa medis, perawatan rawat inap serta rawat jalan yang merupakan bentuk pelayanan kepada pasien. Tuntutan masyarakat terhadap layanan rumah sakit untuk mendapatkan hak dan melakukan kewajiban sebagai pasien semakin tinggi. Persaingan pelayanan rumah sakit pada era globalisasi semakin ketat sehingga dibutuhkan knowledge management melalui manajemen informasi untuk membantu pelayanan di rumah sakit. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh implementasi knowledge management terhadap kepuasan pasien dan keluarga pasien di Rumah Sakit Umum Dadi Keluarga Purwokerto. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu narrative research yang dilakukan dengan sebuah studi pada seseorang untuk mendapatkan data dari sejarah perjalanan kehidupannya. Berdasarkan sejarah perjalanan seorang pasien RSU Dadi Keluarga Purwokerto, pasien ini sudah merasa puas dengan pelayanan rumah sakit dan implementasi knowledge management RSU Dadi Keluarga perlu dipertahankan agar kualitas pelayan rumah sakit terhadap kepuasan pasien terus meningkat.

Pteridophytic diversity in human-inhabited buffer zone of Murlen National Park, Mizoram, India

A taxonomic inventorization of pteridophytes occurring in a human inhabited buffer zone of Murlen National Park, India, was conducted in 2012 and 2013. This survey revealed 35 species belonging to 27 genera and 15 families. Polypodiaceae was recorded as dominant family, represented by six genera and eight species, followed by Pteridaceae (three genera and six species) and Lycopodiaceae (three genera and four species). Of the recorded species, 23 species were terrestrial, 11 (epiphytic) and two (lithophytic) in their habit forms. The species richness was highest in Tualpui village, with 11 species, followed by Rabung (7) and Ngur (6). The site preference of species among the villages is discussed. These data will provide baseline for future research and monitoring of pteridophytic vegetation in this protected area, as well as in similar habitats in the adjacent areas.

Recovering Residual Forensic Data from Smartphone Interactions with Cloud Storage Providers

There is a growing demand for cloud storage services such as Dropbox, Box, Syncplicity and SugarSync. These public cloud storage services can store gigabytes of corporate and personal data in remote data centres around the world, which can then be synchronized to multiple devices. This creates an environment which is potentially conducive to security incidents, data breaches and other malicious activities. The forensic investigation of public cloud environments presents a number of new challenges for the digital forensics community. However, it is anticipated that end-devices such as smartphones, will retain data from these cloud storage services. This research investigates how forensic tools that are currently available to practitioners can be used to provide a practical solution for the problems related to investigating cloud storage environments. The research contribution is threefold. First, the findings from this research support the idea that end-devices which have been used to access cloud storage services can be used to provide a partial view of the evidence stored in the cloud service. Second, the research provides a comparison of the number of files which can be recovered from different versions of cloud storage applications. In doing so, it also supports the idea that amalgamating the files recovered from more than one device can result in the recovery of a more complete dataset. Third, the chapter contributes to the documentation and evidentiary discussion of the artefacts created from specific cloud storage applications and different versions of these applications on iOS and Android smartphones

Chromosome count, meiotic abnormalities and pollen sterility in Lahaul sweetvetch (Hedysarum astragaloides Benth. ex Baker, Fabaceae), an endemic and threatened species from India

Male meiotic studies were carried out on eight different accessions of Hedysarum astragaloides Benth. ex Baker (Fabaceae), an endemic and threatened species of northwest Himalaya, India. Although genetic factors such as meiosis, chromosome number, and ploidy level may be causative for the evolution, endemism, rare distribution or even extinction of the species, no detailed information exists. Keeping this in mind H. astragaloides has been studied cytologically. Male meiotic investigations revealed diploid level (2n=2x=14) for species and normal meiotic course in the accessions from the Manali Hills resulting in nearly 100% pollen fertility. However, the accessions scored from the Manimahesh Hills and Pangi Valley depicted inter-pollen mother cell transfer of chromatin material and structural heterozygosity for reciprocal translocations. Consequent upon these meiotic anomalies, some pollen sterility (21%) resulted. On account of this sweeping genetic outcome, the incidence of anomalies such as this in an endemic and threatened species warrants grave consideration. It is sensible to conclude that conservation measures should include the collection of germplasm from the localities where plants are meiotically stable with high gametic fertility, to ensure good germination and healthy plants for future use. Seeds from meiotically normal individuals should be given priority for inclusion in seed banks