Emotions, Sanctions and Cooperation

We use skin conductance responses and self-reports of hedonic valence to study the emotional basis of cooperation and punishment in a social dilemma. Emotional reaction to free-riding incites individuals to apply sanctions when they are available. The application of sanctions activates a "virtuous emotional circle" that accompanies cooperation. Emotionally aroused cooperators relieve negative emotions when they punish free riders. In response, the free-riders experience negative emotions when punished, and increase their subsequent level of cooperation. The outcome is an increased level of contribution that becomes the new standard or norm. For a given contribution level, individuals attain higher levels of satisfaction when sanctioning institutions are in place.Emotions; Sanctions; Cooperation; Experiment; Skin Conductance Responses

La veritat dels perpetradors. Les comparecències d'agents de la repressió davant la "Comissão Nacional da Verdade" al Brasil

Este artículo analiza las comparecencias públicas y privadas de militares convocados para presentar su versión de las graves violaciones de los derechos humanos ante la Comisión Nacional da Verdad (CNV) de Brasil. Nos enfocaremos en tres aspectos. En primer lugar, veremos si estas entrevistas reflejan una visión política común entre los ex represores y cuáles son las estrategias retoricas y memoriales utilizadas por ellos. A continuación, trataremos de entender qué lugar ocupan estos testimonios en las investigaciones y la comunicación pública de la CNV, quien duda entre la búsqueda de información inédita y la denuncia pública. Por último, examinaremos los usos que los actores hacen de la palabra "verdad". ¿En qué medida los militares contribuyeron à la búsqueda de la verdad por parte de la CNV y hasta que punto tuvieran la oportunidad de expresar su verdad?This article analyzes the public and private hearings of the military agents summoned to present their version of the grave violations of human rights to the Brazilian National Truth Commission (CNV). We will focus on three aspects. First, we analyze whether these interviews reflect a common political vision among former repressors and what rhetorical and memorial strategies they used. Then we will seek to understand the role of these witnesses in the investigations and public communication of the CNV, which is caught between finding new information and public exposure of the agents. Finally, we will examine the uses that actors made of the word "truth"; to what extent the military contributed to the search for truth by the CNV and the degree to which they had the opportunity to express their truth?Aquest article analitza les compareixences públiques i privades de militars convocats per presentar la seva versió de les greus violacions dels drets humans davant la Comissió Nacional de la Veritat (CNV) de Brasil. Ens centrarem en tres aspectes. En primer lloc, veurem si aquestes entrevistes reflecteixen una visió política comuna entre els ex repressors i quines són les estratègies retoricas i memorials utilitzades per ells. A continuació, tractarem d'entendre quin lloc ocupen aquests testimoniatges en les recerques i la comunicació pública de la CNV, que oscil·là entre la cerca d'informació inèdita i la denúncia pública. Finalment, examinarem els usos que els actors fan de la paraula "veritat". En quina mesura els militars van contribuir a la cerca de la veritat per part de la CNV i fins a quin punt tingueren l'oportunitat d'expressar la seva veritat

La verdad de los verdugos : las comparecencias de agentes de la represión ante la "Comissão Nacional da Verdade" en Brasil

Este artículo analiza las comparecencias públicas y privadas de militares convocados para presentar su versión de las graves violaciones de los derechos humanos ante la Comisión Nacional da Verdad (CNV) de Brasil. Nos enfocaremos en tres aspectos. En primer lugar, veremos si estas entrevistas reflejan una visión política común entre los ex represores y cuáles son las estrategias retoricas y memoriales utilizadas por ellos. A continuación, trataremos de entender qué lugar ocupan estos testimonios en las investigaciones y la comunicación pública de la CNV, quien duda entre la búsqueda de información inédita y la denuncia pública. Por último, examinaremos los usos que los actores hacen de la palabra "verdad". ¿En qué medida los militares contribuyeron à la búsqueda de la verdad por parte de la CNV y hasta que punto tuvieran la oportunidad de expresar su verdad?Aquest article analitza les compareixences públiques i privades de militars convocats per presentar la seva versió de les greus violacions dels drets humans davant la Comissió Nacional de la Veritat (CNV) de Brasil. Ens centrarem en tres aspectes. En primer lloc, veurem si aquestes entrevistes reflecteixen una visió política comuna entre els ex repressors i quines són les estratègies retoricas i memorials utilitzades per ells. A continuació, tractarem d'entendre quin lloc ocupen aquests testimoniatges en les recerques i la comunicació pública de la CNV, que oscil·là entre la cerca d'informació inèdita i la denúncia pública. Finalment, examinarem els usos que els actors fan de la paraula "veritat". En quina mesura els militars van contribuir a la cerca de la veritat per part de la CNV i fins a quin punt tingueren l'oportunitat d'expressar la seva veritat?This article analyzes the public and private hearings of the military agents summoned to present their version of the grave violations of human rights to the Brazilian National Truth Commission (CNV). We will focus on three aspects. First, we analyze whether these interviews reflect a common political vision among former repressors and what rhetorical and memorial strategies they used. Then we will seek to understand the role of these witnesses in the investigations and public communication of the CNV, which is caught between finding new information and public exposure of the agents. Finally, we will examine the uses that actors made of the word "truth"; to what extent the military contributed to the search for truth by the CNV and the degree to which they had the opportunity to express their truth

Tax Evasion: Cheating Rationally or Deciding Emotionally?

The economic models of tax compliance predict that individuals should evade taxes when the expected benefit of cheating is greater than its expected cost. When this condition is fulfilled, the high compliance however observed remains a puzzle. In this paper, we investigate the role of emotions as a possible explanation of tax compliance. Our laboratory experiment shows that emotional arousal, measured by Skin Conductance Responses, increases in the proportion of evaded taxes. The perspective of punishment after an audit, especially when the pictures of the evaders are publicly displayed, also raises emotions. We show that an audit policy that induces shame on the evaders favors compliance. Les modèles économiques d'évasion fiscale prédisent que les individus devraient frauder dès que le bénéfice attendu de l'évasion dépasse son coût espéré. Sous cette condition, le fort taux de revenu déclaré pourtant observé constitue une énigme. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons au rôle des émotions comme explication possible de ce phénomène. Notre expérience de laboratoire montre que l'intensité des émotions, mesurée par la conductance de la peau, augmente avec la proportion du revenu qui n'est pas déclarée. La perspective d'une sanction à l'issue d'un contrôle, en particulier lorsque la photo des contrevenants est diffusée, soulève également des émotions. Nous montrons qu'une politique de contrôle qui suscite la honte chez les fraudeurs favorise l'honnêteté fiscale.tax evasion, emotions, neuro-economics, physiological measures, shame, experiments., fraude fiscale, émotions, neuro-économie, mesures physiologiques, honte, expériences.

Tax Evasion: Cheating Rationally or Deciding Emotionally?

The economic models of tax compliance predict that individuals should evade taxes when the expected benefit of cheating is greater than its expected cost. When this condition is fulfilled, the high compliance however observed remains a puzzle. In this paper, we investigate the role of emotions as a possible explanation of tax compliance. Our laboratory experiment shows that emotional arousal, measured by Skin Conductance Responses, increases in the proportion of evaded taxes. The perspective of punishment after an audit, especially when the pictures of the evaders are publicly displayed, also raises emotions. We show that an audit policy that induces shame on the evaders favors compliance.emotions; experiment; neuro-economics; physiological measures; shame; tax evasion

Honoring repression: the award of the Peacemaker’s Medal to state agents involved in security (1964-1985)

The article analyzes the awarding of the Peacemaker’s Medal to state officials involved in political repression in Brazil during the military dictatorship. The study aims to understand the characteristics of the medal and the criteria for awarding it, the justifications, the number of members of the intelligence community who were decorated and the time point when the medal was awarded during the period. For this purpose, the list of recipients was cross-referenced with the records produced by ex-political prisoners and human rights groups who denounced state agents for acts of torture. The article’s conclusion is that the number of medals awarded to agents of repression is only a small percentage of the total. However, it is considerably higher in the case of the more prestigious category, “with Distinction”. In addition, it shows that those state agents were decorated because of their involvement in political persecution, in spite of having violated human rights.Keywords: military dictatorship, political repression, Peacemaker’s Medal

A "inscrição fenícia da Paraíba": um documento apócrifo que há quase cem anos repercutindo nos maiores centros de paleografia do mundo

No dia 13 de setembro de 1872, o Instituto Histórico, Geográfico e Etnográfico do Brasil, naquela época instalado no próprio Palácio Imperial e tendo como Presidente o Visconde (depois Marquês) de Sapucahy, recebia, pelo correio, a seguinte carta

Memória, gênero e repressão política no Cone Sul (1984-1991)

This article examines, from a gender perspective, the reports on human rights violations, known as Nunca Más, written at the time of transition from military dictatorship to democracy in Argentina (1984), Brazil (1985), Uruguay (1989) and Chile (1991). The Nunca más, despite the different conditions in which they have been developed, remained in their respective countries as interpretative frameworks of the past dictatorship, an "iconic memory", extensively documented and settled on a concern for accuracy. The analysis of those reports is made focusing on possible gender differences of political repression.Esse artigo analisa, sob uma perspectiva de gênero, os informes de violações aos Direitos Humanos conhecidos como Nunca más, redigidos no momento de transição das ditaduras militares para a democracia na Argentina (1984), no Brasil (1985), no Uruguai (1989) e no Chile (1991). Os Nunca más, a despeito da diferença das condições em que foram elaborados, permaneceram em seus respectivos países como marcos interpretativos do passado ditatorial, uma “memória emblemática”, extensamente documentada e assentada sobre uma preocupação de veracidade. A análise dos desses informes é efetuada tendo como foco as possíveis diferenciações de gênero da repressão política