Energy Consumption in Mining Comminution

AbstractThe supply chain for metals used in manufacturing is usually from premanufacture (mining). Energy impact needs to be considered, with it being one of the five stressors that impact the environment. In this paper the energy needs for crushing and milling (comminution) are presented. A brief comparison is made with the energy needs for recycling of large scale waste products such as automobiles. A simple method for product designers, which uses Streamlined Life Cycle Analysis, is proposed for assessment of mining value chain impacts

Moeilijkheden, verbonden aan planten-geografisch werk op Java

Rede Wageningen, 22 maart 192

Metal forming progress since 2000

Considerable changes have occurred in metal forming in the last decade. A record of these changes can be found in keynote papers presented by the members of the Scientific Technical Committee-Forming, at the CIRP Annual General Meeting each year. The keynote papers are excellent references on important developments in metal forming and are used as a reference, globally. Not only is this paper a compendium of most of the keynotes presented, but from 2001 onward, it has updates on new information on five keynote subject areas. The authors of each keynote have written an update with new information that has developed since the writing of the keynote. The authors of each section are shown in order of presentation. \'02 2008 CIRP

Strategies and limits in multi-stage single-point incremental forming

Abstract: Multi-stage single-point incremental forming (SPIF) is a state-of-the-art manufac-turing process that allows small-quantity production of complex sheet metal parts with vertical walls. This paper is focused on the application of multi-stage SPIF with the objective of producing cylindrical cups with vertical walls. The strategy consists of forming a conical cup with a taper angle in the first stage, followed by three subsequent stages that progressively move the conical shape towards the desired cylindrical geometry. The investigation includes material characterization, determination of forming-limit curves and fracture forming-limit curves (FFLCs), numerical simulation, and experimentation, namely the evaluation of strain paths and fracture strains in actual multi-stage parts. Assessment of numerical simulation with experimentation shows good agreement between computed and measured strain and strain paths. The results also reveal that the sequence of multi-stage forming has a large effect on the location of strain points in the principal strain space. Strain paths are linear in the first stage and highly non-linear in the subsequent forming stages. The overall results show that the experimentally determined FFLCs can successfully be employed to establish the forming limits of multi-stage SPIF