METHOD TO AVOID UNNECESSARY RESOURCE USAGE ON USER PLANE FUNCTIONS FOR USER EQUIPMENT UTILIZING NEW RADIO DUAL CONNECTIVITY

With Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) dual connectivity (DC), a multiple receive/transmit (Rx/Tx) capable user equipment (UE) may be configured to utilize resources provided by two different nodes connected via a non-ideal backhaul, with one node providing New Radio (NR) access and the other node providing either Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) or NR access. One node may act as a master node (MN) and the node other as the secondary node (SN). The MN and SN are connected via a network interface and at least the MN is connected to the core network. The MN and/or the SN can be operated with shared spectrum channel access. Additional resources can be allocated on a user plane function (UPF) for uplink traffic for a dual connected UE; however, this may lead to a waste of UPF resources in some instances. Presented herein is a technique that provides for the ability to avoid such potential waste of UPF resources without imposing limitations NR-DC sessions

OPTIMIZING HANDOVERS IN 5G NETWORKS BY REDUCING N4 INTERACTIONS

Handover operations within a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) fifth generation (5G) telecommunications environment may be inefficient and unnecessarily consume resources. To address such challenges, techniques are presented herein that optimize handovers through, for example, improving handover latency, avoiding unnecessary N4 interactions, and avoiding additional resource allocations in a User Plane Function (UPF). Additionally, in a home routed roaming case the presented techniques avoid extra resource allocations on a Home UPF (HUPF)

INTER-PUBLIC LAND MOBILE NETWORK MOBILITY IN 5G NETWORKS

Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards have defined call flows for user equipment (UE) handover scenarios within a Radio Access Technology (RAT) and across RATs for roaming and non-roaming use cases. The standards-based call flows define how to handle intra-RAT and inter-RAT handovers once a UE is attached in a home network or when a UE is attached in a partner network. However, 3GPP standards do not define call flows for instances in which a UE is attached in a home network and moves to a partner network or when a UE is attached in a partner network and moves back to a home network while performing a call, generally referred to as Inter-Public Land Mobile Network (inter-PLMN) mobility. Such inter-PLMN mobility is typically involved when a subscriber moves between state borders. This proposal defines call flows to support inter-PLMN mobility for 5G mobile networks

Fungal glycosphingolipids: Characterization of structures and interactions with plant defensins

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) play important roles in many fundamental biological processes like activation of signal transduction pathways, immune responses, and cell-cell interactions. Recent reports imply that fungal GSLs are important targets for the antifungal action of plant defensins. In order to study intermolecular interactions of GSLs, it is crucial to know their structures in detail. This thesis consists of two projects in which fungal GSLs of biological and biomedical significance are studied. In the first project, we have completed the structural characterization of acidic GSLs from S. cerevisiae using NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The second project of this thesis is carried out to help understand some of the possible interactions of fungal GSLs with plant defensins. Studies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mass spectrometry are used to clarify some of the structural requirements for GSL--defensin interactions. These in turn should lead to more general insights into structure--function relationships of GSLs and proteins that bind to them

METHOD TO SOLVE MT CALL FAILURES IN 5G NETWORK DUE TO USER PLANE STATE MISMATCH

Presented herein is a solution that solves the mobile terminal call failure due to user plane state mismatch in a framework provided by N4 and N2 3GPP protocols

Islam, Science, and Civilization: Prospect and Challenge for Humanity

This Joint International Seminar Proceeding is intended and aimed at reexploring the values of modern science that have been lost. Considering the current crisis of modern civilization, constructing principles of modern science which are based on divinity and humanity is a must as well as formulating spiritualized framework of modern science. Therefore, this proceeding identifies not only the agenda of modern science and technology which are based on divinity principles but also extensive strategic networks for Islamic science development that are useful for civilization development. Through this proceeding, UIN Walisongo in cooperation with UTM Malaysia performed a civilizational duty to discuss some important topics such as the humanization of science and technology, the unity of sciences for humanity, Muslim contribution to Asian civilization, and science and technology future agenda. The target of this proceeding is to compile strategic formula in the face of prospects and challenges for the efforts to fulfill the divinity values to modern science

Islam, Science, and Civilization: Prospect and Challenge for Humanity

This Joint International Seminar Proceeding is intended and aimed at reexploring the values of modern science that have been lost. Considering the current crisis of modern civilization, constructing principles of modern science which are based on divinity and humanity is a must as well as formulating spiritualized framework of modern science. Therefore, this proceeding identifies not only the agenda of modern science and technology which are based on divinity principles but also extensive strategic networks for Islamic science development that are useful for civilization development. Through this proceeding, UIN Walisongo in cooperation with UTM Malaysia performed a civilizational duty to discuss some important topics such as the humanization of science and technology, the unity of sciences for humanity, Muslim contribution to Asian civilization, and science and technology future agenda. The target of this proceeding is to compile strategic formula in the face of prospects and challenges for the efforts to fulfill the divinity values to modern science

METHOD TO OPTIMISE E-UTRA AND WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN) HANDOVERS

Handovers between wireless local area networks (e.g., Wi-Fi networks) and Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) Radio Access Technology (RAT) networks (e.g., Wi-Fi to E-UTRA or E-UTRA to Wi-Fi) are common scenarios for wireless user equipment. Presented herein are techniques that can avoid, per handover, at least one N4 interaction being performed between a Session Management Function (SMF) and a User Plane Function (UPF), which can help to achieve quicker handovers, can help to avoid data loss during handovers, and can improve SMF and UPF performance by reducing processing of such network functions

TECHNIQUES TO AVOID CALL DROP DUE TO COLLISIONS BETWEEN USER EQUIPMENT-INITIATED AND NETWORK-INITIATED SERVICE REQUESTS

The user equipment (UE) -initiated service request procedure and the network-initiated service request procedure are the two most common procedures that occur in a Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network. Collisions between signaling for each of these procedures is common. With current Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, such collisions often lead to the looping of these procedures and, eventually, to call drops. This submission proposes techniques to handle potential collisions involving the procedures and, thus, avoid the call loss that typically accompanies such collisions

MULTI-PARTY VIDEO CALL SUPPORT IN 5G NETWORKS USING 5G DEVICES SUPPORTING A DEFAULT NUMBER OF FILTERS

A Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Fifth Generation (5G) network environment offers a rich universe of features and capabilities. One such capability, a multi-party video call, is of particular value and importance to both enterprise customers (who for example may not be willing to use over-the-top (OTT)) and individual consumers. However, variability in user equipment (UE) may tend to limit or otherwise negatively impact multi-party video call capabilities. Techniques are presented that address these challenges through the creative and efficient management of packet filters