World radiocommunication conference 12 : implications for the spectrum eco-system

Spectrum allocation is once more a key issue facing the global telecommunications industry. Largely overlooked in current debates, however, is the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC). Decisions taken by WRC shape the future roadmap of the telecommunications industry, not least because it has the ability to shape the global spectrum allocation framework. In the debates of WRC-12 it is possible to identify three main issues: enhancement of the international spectrum regulatory framework, regulatory measures required to introduce Cognitive Radio Systems (CRS) technologies; and, additional spectrum allocation to mobile service. WRC-12 eventually decided not to change the current international radio regulations with regard to the first two issues and agreed to the third issue. The main implications of WRC-12 on the spectrum ecosystem are that most of actors are not in support of the concept of spectrum flexibility associated with trading and that the concept of spectrum open access is not under consideration. This is explained by the observation that spectrum trading and spectrum commons weaken state control over spectrum and challenge the main principles and norms of the international spectrum management regime. In addition, the mobile allocation issue has shown the lack of conformity with the main rules of the regime: regional spectrum allocation in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) three regions, and the resistance to the slow decision making procedures. In conclusion, while the rules and decision-making procedures of the international spectrum management regime were challenged in the WRC-12, the main principles and norms are still accepted by the majority of countries

Formalising Graphical Service Descriptions using SDL

It is convenient to describe telecomms services using a graphical notation that is accessible to non-specialists. However, the notation should also have a formal interpretation for rigorous analysis. CRESS (Chisel Representation Employing Systematic Specification) has been developed for this purpose. A brief overview of CRESS is given. It is explained how features (additional services) can be defined in a modular fashion, and automatically combined with a base service. Brief case studies illustrate how the approach has been used to describe services in the IN (Intelligent Network), SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), and IVR (Interactive Voice Response). Finally, it is shown how CRESS diagrams are translated into SDL for automated simulation, validation and implementation

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISIONS (STAD) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA DI SEKOLAH DASAR

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya permasalahan yaitu rendahnya aktivitas belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran matematika tentang bangun ruang. Rendahnya aktivitas belajar siswa ini disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, diantaranya guru masih menggunakan metode konvensional serta dominasi guru dalam proses pembelajaran sehingga proses pembelajaran menjadi pasif dan membosankan, yang berimbas pada hasil belajar siswa tentang bangun ruang menjadi sangat rendah sehingga dapat diatasi dengan penerapan model pembelajaran STAD dalam rangka meningkatkan aktivitas belajar matematika siswa sekolah dasar yang dimulai dari hal-hal nyata dalam kehidupan sehari-hari siswa yang dimaknai melalui pembelajaran kelompok. Penelitian ini adalah tindakan kelas (PTK), dengan menggunakan model penelitian kelas dari Kemmis & Mc Taggart yang terdiri dari empat tahapan yaitu: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi dan refleksi. Keempat tahapan penelitian tersebut dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus penelitian dimana tiap siklus difokuskan pada materi tentang bangun ruang dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD yang dilaksanakan di SDN Gegerkalong I dengan subyek penelitian kelas VA. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada materi bangun ruang yang dibuktikan dengan kenaikan presentese ketuntasan belajar klasikal pada setiap siklusnya. ; This study was motivated by the problems of the low activity of student learning in mathematics on geometry. Low student activity is caused by various factors, including teachers still use conventional methods and the dominance of teachers in the learning process so that the learning process becomes passive and boring, which impact on student learning outcomes of geometry becomes so low that it can be solved with the application of student teams achievement divisions in order to increase the activity of primary school students' mathematics learning that starts from the real things in the everyday life of students who interpreted through group learning. This study is a class action, using the model of classroom study Kemmis & Mc Taggart consisting of four stages: planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The fourth stage of the study was conducted in two cycles with each cycle study focused on material about the geometry by using cooperative learning model type student teams achievement divisions held at Gegerkalong I school with research subjects VA class. The results showed that the application of cooperative learning model sudent teams achievement divisions can improve student learning outcomes in the material geometry as evidenced by the increase in presentese completeness of classical study in each cycle

Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols in Bipartite Wireless Sensor Network

This paper evaluates and ranks the suitability of routing algorithms for bipartite wireless sensor network topology. The network considered in this paper, consists of an irregular combination of fixed and mobile nodes, which leads to construction of a bipartite graph among them. A wireless sensor network is usually constrained by the energy limitations and processing capabilities. We therefore, consider the important metrics for analysis namely, carried load, energy consumption and the average delay incurred. We present the possibilities of employing the routing algorithms subject to the quality of service required by the wireless sensor networks application

Arm chair activism: Serious games usage by INGOs for educational change

The battle between educators and entertainers continue when it comes to gaming. While this is so, the edutainment battleground has expanded to include actors outside formal schooling agencies, namely International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs). These actors employ digital games with the aim to educate and activate towards specific social causes. These serious games are viewed to have tremendous potential for behavioral change through their interactive and persuasive aspects. This paper examines serious games deployed by certain prominent INGOs and analyzes the educative aspects of such new media platforms. What is revealed at the design, audience, and content level compel us to examine what constitutes as education through serious games. Here, education is seen as social marketing employing sensationalism, morality, and emotional capital to stimulate activism. Such games sustain the converted rather than create new understanding