338 research outputs found
General relativistic magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the jet in M87
(abridged) The connection between black hole, accretion disk, and radio jet
can be best constrained by fitting models to observations of nearby low
luminosity galactic nuclei, in particular the well studied sources Sgr~A* and
M87. There has been considerable progress in modeling the central engine of
active galactic nuclei by an accreting supermassive black hole coupled to a
relativistic plasma jet. However, can a single model be applied to a range of
black hole masses and accretion rates? Here we want to compare the latest
three-dimensional numerical model, originally developed for Sgr A* in the
center of the Milky Way, to radio observations of the much more powerful and
more massive black hole in M87. We postprocess three-dimensional GRMHD models
of a jet-producing radiatively inefficient accretion flow around a spinning
black hole using relativistic radiative transfer and ray-tracing to produce
model spectra and images. As a key new ingredient to these models, we allow the
proton-electron coupling in these simulations depend on the magnetic properties
of the plasma. We find that the radio emission in M87 is well described by a
combination of a two-temperature accretion flow and a hot single-temperature
jet. The model fits the basic observed characteristics of the M87 radio core.
The best fit model has a mass-accretion rate of Mdot approx 9x10^{-3} MSUN/YR
and a total jet power of P_j \sim 10^{43} erg/s. Emission at 1.3mm is produced
by the counter jet close to the event horizon. Its characteristic crescent
shape surrounding the black hole shadow could be resolved by future
millimeter-wave VLBI experiments. The model was successfully derived from one
for the supermassive black hole in center of the Milky Way by appropriately
scaling mass and accretion rate. This suggests the possibility that this model
could also apply to a larger range of low-luminosity black holes.Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures, accepted to Astronomy and Astrophysics, after
language proofs, with correct titl
Field-testing items using artificial intelligence: Natural language processing with transformers
Five thousand variations of the RoBERTa model, an artificially intelligent
"transformer" that can understand text language, completed an English literacy
exam with 29 multiple-choice questions. Data were used to calculate the
psychometric properties of the items, which showed some degree of agreement to
those obtained from human examinee data
Robust Latent Ability Estimation Based on Item Response Information and Model Fit
Aberrant testing behaviors may result in inaccurate person trait estimation. To counter its effects, a new robust ability estimation procedure called downweighting of aberrant responses estimation (DARE) is developed. This procedure downweights both uninformative items and model-misfitting response patterns. The purpose of this study is to present DARE and to evaluate its performance against other robust methods, including biweight (Mislevy & Bock, 1982) and biweight-MAP (BMAP; Maeda & Zhang, 2017b). The traditional maximum likelihood (MLE) and maximum a-posteriori (MAP) methods are also included as baseline methods. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted with the design variables being test length, type of aberrant behaviors, percentage of aberrant examinees, and percentage of aberrant items. Person-fit analyses using l_z^* (Snijders, 2001) and H^T (Sijtsma, 1986) are incorporated as a realistic initial step to determine the aberrant examinees that might benefit from robust estimation methods. Results showed that DARE effectively decreased the root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) and bias of the estimates compared to MAP among examinees detected using the l_z^* at the .01 Ī± cutoff. DARE was the most accurate method in many conditions involving aberrant behavior when the test length was 40 or 60 items. At 20 items, all robust methods were ineffective. DARE performs well when 1) a high-achieving examinee show a mild spuriously low scoring behavior, or 2) a low-achieving examinee show a mild spuriously high scoring behavior. When used appropriately, DARE is superior to all pre-existing methods in limiting the negative consequences of aberrant behavior
Observational appearance of inefficient accretion flows and jets in 3D GRMHD simulations: Application to Sgr~A*
Radiatively inefficient accretion flows (RIAFs) are believed to power
supermassive black holes (SMBH) in the underluminous cores of galaxies. Such
black holes are typically accompanied by flat-spectrum radio cores indicating
the presence of moderately relativistic jets. One of the best constrained RIAFs
is associated with the SMBH in the Galactic center, Sgr A*. Since the plasma in
RIAFs is only weakly collisional, the dynamics and the radiative properties of
these systems are very uncertain. Here we want to study the impact of varying
electron temperature on the appearance of accretion flows and jets. Using 3-D
GRMHD accretion flow simulations, we use ray tracing methods to predict spectra
and radio images of RIAFs allowing for different electron heating mechanisms in
the in- and outflowing parts of the simulations. We find that small changes in
the electron temperature can result in dramatic differences in the relative
dominance of jets and accretion flows. Application to Sgr A* shows that radio
spectrum and size of this source can be well reproduced with a model where
electrons are more efficiently heated in the jet. The X-ray emission is
sensitive to the electron heating mechanism in the jets and disk and therefore
X-ray observations put strong constraints on electron temperatures and geometry
of the accretion flow and jet. For Sgr A*, the jet model also predicts a
significant frequency-dependent core shift which could place independent
constraints on the model once measured accurately. We conclude that more
sophisticated models for electron distribution functions are crucial for
constraining GRMHD simulations with actual observations. For Sgr A*, the radio
appearance may well be dominated by the outflowing plasma. Nonetheless, at the
highest radio frequencies, the shadow of the event horizon should still be
detectable with future Very Long Baseline Interferometric observations.Comment: A&A accepted, 11 figures, 1 tabl
The Effects of a Lifetime Physical Activity and Fitness Course on College Studentsā Health Behaviors
International Journal of Exercise Science 9(2): 136-148, 2016. The purpose of this study was to examine motivational constructs and the effect of physical activity engagement on health behaviors in college students who were required to take a 15-week lifetime physical fitness (LPF) course for graduation. A total of fifty-eight first and second year college students aged between 17 and 23 years (M=18.72; SD=1.09). Paper and pencil questionnaires were anonymously administered at the beginning and at the end of the 15-week long spring 2012 semester. Analysis of the differences between the beginning and the end of the semester was completed. Physical activity behaviors and Behavioral Regulations variables did not change across time (p \u3e .05). Appearance (d = -0.34, p = .013) and fitness (d = -0.37, p = .006) reasons for participating in physical activity and all Theory of Planned Behavior variables decreased over time (d = -0.32 to -0.41, p \u3c .05). Changes in attitude toward physical activity negatively predicted changes in alcohol consumption (r = -.261 to -.357). This study sustains the already existing literature that supports the positive impact of LPF courses offered to college students
Assistive Systems for the Visually Impaired Based on Image Processing
In this chapter, we proposed three assistive systems for visually impaired individuals based on image processing: Kinect cane system, Kinect goggle system, and light checking system. The Kinect cane system can detect obstacles of various sizes and also recognize objects such as seats. A visually impaired user is notified of the results of detection and recognition by means of vibration feedback. The Kinect goggle system is another type of wearable system, and can make userās hands free. The light checking system is implemented as an application for a smartphone, and can tell a visually impaired user the ON/OFF states of room lights and elevator button lights. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed systems are effective in helping visually impaired individuals in everyday environments
Self-determined Engagement in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors of US College Students
International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 87-97, 2014. Although the importance of promoting physical activity is well established, researchers have recently considered āsedentary behaviorsā as another key risk factor for chronic disease.However, little is known about the motivational processes regulating sedentary behavior on a daily basis. A substantial amount of research has been based on the self-determination theory to examine the motivational processes regulating physical activity behaviors. However, only limited attention has been paid to sedentary behaviors from this theoretical perspective. This study aims to identify and understand motivational aspects related to sedentary behavior from a self-determination perspective. A convenience sample of undergraduate students (N=875) enrolled in a university required Lifetime Physical Activity and Fitness class completed an online survey which inquired about physical activity and sedentary behaviors as well as about motivational variables related to these behaviors. Physical activity variables were inversely and only slightly related to sedentary behavior (Ļ = -.084 to -.146, p \u3c .05). Psychological needs and behavioral regulations together explained 14.3% of the variance in moderate-to-vigorous physical-activity (p \u3c .001), but only 2.8% of the variance in sedentary behavior (p = .002). These findings suggest physical activity and sedentary behaviors are explained by unique motivational factors
- ā¦