688,112 statistical results:Content mining psychology articles for statistical test results

In this data deposit, I describe a dataset that is the result of content mining 167,318 published articles for statistical test results reported according to the standards prescribed by the American Psychological Association (APA). Articles published by the APA, Springer, Sage, and Taylor & Francis were included (mining from Wiley and Elsevier was actively blocked). As a result of this content mining, 688,112 results from 50,845 articles were extracted. In order to provide a comprehensive set of data, the statistical results are supplemented with metadata from the article they originate from. The dataset is provided in a comma separated file (CSV) in long-format. For each of the 688,112 results, 20 variables are included, of which seven are article metadata and 13 pertain to the individual statistical results (e.g., reported and recalculated p-value). A five-pronged approach was taken to generate the dataset: (i) collect journal lists; (ii) spider journal pages for articles; (iii) download articles; (iv) add article metadata; and (v) mine articles for statistical results. All materials, scripts, etc. are available at https://github.com/chartgerink/2016statcheck_data and preserved at http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.59818

Investigating the Microbiome of the Eye and the Potential of Probiotic Use in Optometry

While the eye was once considered free of resident bacteria due to its efficient immunity mechanisms, recent studies have determined that most healthy eyes contain a variety of microbiota. Many studies have been aimed at classifying bacteria that are part of the core microbiome of the eye and the conditions under which they differ. As with gut health, a dysbiosis of ocular bacteria could correlate to disease, which presents the idea of treatment with probiotics to help regulate the microbiota of the eye. This study utilized growth assays to determine a common probiotic’s effect on bacteria that can be found on the ocular surface. Also, it used a survey to investigate current ocular experts’ outlook toward the use of probiotics in optometry. Results have showed a mixed perspective, but with a commonality of the desire to cut back antibiotic use and an optimism toward probiotic treatment in the next 10 years. While the growth assay technique continues to be refined, it has supported the growth inhibition of E. coli due to the presence of L. acidophilus. Additional research should focus efforts on dry eye disease

Contributions towards understanding and building sustainable science

This dissertation focuses on either understanding and detecting threats to the epistemology of science (chapters 1-6) or making practical advances to remedy epistemological threats (chapters 7-9). Chapter 1 reviews the literature on responsible conduct of research, questionable research practices, and research misconduct. Chapter 2 reanalyzes Head et al (2015) their claims about widespread p-hacking for robustness. Chapter 3 examines 258,050 test results across 30,710 articles from eight high impact journals to investigate the existence of a peculiar prevalence of $p$-values just below .05 (i.e., a bump) in the psychological literature, and a potential increase thereof over time. Chapter 4 examines evidence for false negatives in nonsignificant results throughout psychology, gender effects, and the Reproducibility Project: Psychology. Chapter 5 describes a dataset that is the result of content mining 167,318 published articles for statistical test results reported according to the standards prescribed by the American Psychological Association (APA). In Chapter 6, I test the validity of statistical methods to detect fabricated data in two studies. Chapter 7 tackles the issue of data extraction from figures in scholarly publications. In Chapter 8 I argue that "after-the-fact" research papers do not help alleviate issues of access, selective publication, and reproducibility, but actually cause some of these threats because the chronology of the research cycle is lost in a research paper. I propose to give up the academic paper and propose a digitally native "as-you-go" alternative. In Chapter 9 I propose a technical design for this

Utilization of YouTube Videos to Grow Nurse Leader Competencies

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of viewing selected inspirational leadership YouTube videos on leadership competency and leader self-efficacy of nurse leaders, by evaluating the difference pre and post intervention. The long-term goal is to provide leadership and succession planning programs and alternative teaching modality to support nurse leader development. Significance: To provide another method to utilize in developing and enhancing future nurse leader competencies. Background: Nurse leaders have responsibility for large spans of control, driving quality metrics, improving financial performance, and operational efficiency. By 2020, it is predicted that 50% of nurse leaders will be leaving the workforce. The Institute of Medicine, Future of Nursing, report recommends increasing the number of nurse leaders through development and effective succession planning for nurse leaders. Historically, many leaders enter their roles with little education or experience on leadership competencies required to do their job. Often nurse leaders are acclimated to their job functions through on the job training focusing on clinical skills and less emphasis on developing leadership expertise. Only 21% of US Hospitals have structured succession plans, leaving no formalized development plan to grow an internal pipeline of nurse leaders. Methods: The study used a pre-experimental one group pre-test/post-test design. The sample consisted of nursing leaders in a large comprehensive health network. Comparison of pre-test and post-test survey scores were conducted to analyze group differences before and after intervention. Correlations were assessed between leadership competency, self-efficacy, and tenure of the nurse leaders. Nurse leaders completed the pre-test surveys on ACHE Healthcare Executive Competency Assessment tool and Leader Efficacy Questionnaire. The study group participated in the intervention by watching two short videos followed by post-test survey. Results: Study findings showed an overall improvement after intervention in post survey scores in nurse leader competency and self-efficacy scores. The results that technology such as social media, and YouTube can be used to strengthen leadership competency development as an alternative training modality. Implications: Use of video as a media for education was influential in creating inspiration and excitement of nurse leaders to improve their leadership competency. Feedback from nurse leaders, sparked executive level conversations to develop succession plans, and an executive nurse leadership academy at the study site.https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/health_sciences/1013/thumbnail.jp

Announcing OpenCon 2016: catalyzing collective action for a more open scholarly system

Each year OpenCon brings together students and early career academic professionals from around the world to advance Open Access, Open Education and Open Data. Nick Shockey and Joseph McArthur announce here the next OpenCon dates. In addition, Chris Hartgerink takes a look back at OpenCon 2015 and reflects on how the conference became the catalyst for a variety of deliberate actions around scholarly communication

“As-You-Go” instead of “After-the-Fact”:A network approach to scholarly communication and evaluation

Scholarly research faces threats to its sustainability on multiple domains (access, incentives, reproducibility, inclusivity). We argue that “after-the-fact” research papers do not help and actually cause some of these threats because the chronology of the research cycle is lost in a research paper. We propose to give up the academic paper and propose a digitally native “as-you-go” alternative. In this design, modules of research outputs are communicated along the way and are directly linked to each other to form a network of outputs that can facilitate research evaluation. This embeds chronology in the design of scholarly communication and facilitates the recognition of more diverse outputs that go beyond the paper (e.g., code, materials). Moreover, using network analysis to investigate the relations between linked outputs could help align evaluation tools with evaluation questions. We illustrate how such a modular “as-you-go” design of scholarly communication could be structured and how network indicators could be computed to assist in the evaluation process, with specific use cases for funders, universities, and individual researchers

Synthesis and Alcoholysis of α-Alkylated Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane Fused Succinic Racemic Anhydrides in the Presence of Chiral Bases

Bicyclic succinic anhydrides alkylated at the α-position have been prepared and submitted to alcoholysis in the presence of alkaloid bases. Anhydrides with a cyclopentane fused ring, open only from the less hindered side, generating monoesters of >80 % ee, whereas cyclohexane fused anhydrides undergo parallel kinetic resolution, producing both regioisomeric monoesters

Opening the Black Box of Integrated Care: The underlying mechanisms of integrated care delivery to hospitalized elderly

__Abstract__ The rapid increase in the prevalence of multiple chronic diseases in older people has irrevocably altered medical care. Previous studies have shown that between 65% and 88% of those aged 65 years or older suffer from more than one chronic disease (Hoffman, Rice, & Sung, 1997; Wolff, Starfield, & Anderson, 2002). These older patients suffer from a mixture of problems in multiple life domains, concerning not only physical health, but also social and psychological well-being (Rowe & Kahn, 1997). Hospitalisation is a risk for this vulnerable group of patients: about 35% of people aged 70 and over admitted to the hospital function less well after discharge than before their admission. This percentage increases with age (Covinsky et al., 2003). Once admitted to the hospital, older patients are at an increased risk of poor outcomes such as readmission, increased length of stay, iatrogenic complications, and nursing home placement (Forster, Murff, Peterson, Gandhi, & Bates, 2003; Palmer, 1998). As a result, hospitalisation is often followed by a decline in the ability to perform activities of daily living (Sager et al., 1996; Wu et al., 2000). To retain their ability to cope and their quality of life, it is necessary to prevent loss of function among older patients. Since only 20% of these losses in function are related to hospital diagnosis (Covinsky et al., 2003), one of the most important starting points to prevent function loss among older patients is encapsulated in care delivery itself

Detection of data fabrication using statistical tools

Scientific misconduct potentially invalidates findings in many scientific fields. Improved detection of unethical practices like data fabrication is considered to deter such practices. In two studies, we investigated the diagnostic performance of various statistical methods to detect fabricated quantitative data from psychological research. In Study 1, we tested the validity of statistical methods to detect fabricated data at the study level using summary statistics. Using (arguably) genuine data from the Many Labs 1 project on the anchoring effect (k=36) and fabricated data for the same effect by our participants (k=39), we tested the validity of our newly proposed 'reversed Fisher method', variance analyses, and extreme effect sizes, and a combination of these three indicators using the original Fisher method. Results indicate that the variance analyses perform fairly well when the homogeneity of population variances is accounted for and that extreme effect sizes perform similarly well in distinguishing genuine from fabricated data. The performance of the 'reversed Fisher method' was poor and depended on the types of tests included. In Study 2, we tested the validity of statistical methods to detect fabricated data using raw data. Using (arguably) genuine data from the Many Labs 3 project on the classic Stroop task (k=21) and fabricated data for the same effect by our participants (k=28), we investigated the performance of digit analyses, variance analyses, multivariate associations, and extreme effect sizes, and a combination of these four methods using the original Fisher method. Results indicate that variance analyses, extreme effect sizes, and multivariate associations perform fairly well to excellent in detecting fabricated data using raw data, while digit analyses perform at chance levels. The two studies provide mixed results on how the use of random number generators affects the detection of data fabrication. Ultimately, we consider the variance analyses, effect sizes, and multivariate associations valuable tools to detect potential data anomalies in empirical (summary or raw) data. However, we argue against widespread (possible automatic) application of these tools, because some fabricated data may be irregular in one aspect but not in another. Considering how violations of the assumptions of fabrication detection methods may yield high false positive or false negative probabilities, we recommend comparing potentially fabricated data to genuine data on the same topic