The way forward

For the last few decades the study of disks around stars young and old and of different types have progressed significantly. During the same time a completely new discipline, the study of exoplanets, planets orbiting stars other than our Sun, have emerged. Both these fields, which are interconnected, have benefited from the development of new instrumentation, and especially by telescopes and detectors deployed in space. In this chapter we are describing the state of the art of such instruments and make an inventory of what is being currently developed. We also state some of the requirements of the next steps and what type of instruments will lead the way forward.Comment: 25 pages, 4 figure

High resolution CO observations of S88-B

CO J = 2-1 and 13CO J = 2-1 and 1-0 observations have been made of the H II region S88-B, using the 15-m James Clerk Maxwell telescope in Hawaii and the 20-m telescope at Onsala. The core of the cloud is resolved into a horseshoelike structure which surrounds a diffuse reflection nebula. The central core has a mass of ≥ 1000 M⊙, with 400 M⊙ in the horseshoe structure. The gas in the horse in the horseshoe appears highly fragmented, and has a kinetic temperature of ≈ 60 K, suggesting it is closely coupled to the dust temperature. A recently formed high mass star appears to be in the process of evacuating a cavity, possibly through a large molecular outflow that is found to show an accelerated component in its blue-shifted lobe. A velocity gradient across the horseshoe structure suggest ordered motion, and could represent rotation in the parental cloud

High signal/noise ¹³CO observations of the bipolar outflow in L1551

New high-signal/noise 13CO observations of the bipolar outflow in the molecular cloud L1551 are reported. Contrary to earlier observations of CO J = 1-0 and 2-1, no strong spatial dependence is found for the velocity profile of these spectra. The implications of these observations are such that the model of an empty shell for this source is less likely, and a model consisting of a shell which contains significant amounts of outflowing molecular gas inside the swept-up cavity walls is suggested

Molecular Dynamics for Efficient Simulations of High-Fluence Ion-Beam Irradiation of Materials

There has been a stagnation in the development of power-storage devices since the lithium-ion battery in 2019, and alternative ways to save power in devices connected to the Internet-of-Things (IoT) are highly sought for. One very promising way is to produce power-saving CMOS-compatible single-electron transistors (SETs) made of silicon, insulated with silica. Excessive silicon introduced into the silica matrix, through ion-induced atomic mixing, will self-assemble into a silicon nanodot acting as the quantum island of the SET during thermal annealing. Molecular dynamics (MD) has been used for decades to simulate the dynamics of atomistic systems exposed to ion beams, which also made MD the perfect choice for this study as well. We implemented a few speed-up models to make the irradiation simulation faster and at the same time more appealing to the industry for testing out irradiation conditions before applying them experimentally. We even included a graphical user interface to make the simulator more user friendly for external audiences. During the study we came up with a reliable way of combining layers of silicon-based materials to merge together the target structures. We used the merged structures to investigate the physical processes related to the irradiation-driven atomic mixing we were looking for. An understanding of the processes helps the community to more accurately apply the irradiation condition in the already available silicon-based processes used by the semiconductor industry when creating CMOS components. We found a connection between the initial momentum transfer from ions hitting a nanopillar perpendicularly at the tip and the ion hammering effect on nanoscale. The built-up tension directed downwards during the ballistic phase of the cascade and the low-energetic collisions of the fading cascade would start to press the atoms laterally outwards. Other noticeable effects during the irradiation were crystalline-to-amorphous phase shifts and local densifications of the silica.Utvecklingen av batterier har drastiskt stagnerat sen upptäckten av litiumjonbatteriet 2019. Som bäst undersöks alternativa metoder för att spara ström i apparater som kopplas trådlöst till internet och ett väldigt lovande alternativ är CMOS-kompatibla singelelektrontransistorer (SET) tillverkade av kisel och kiseldioxid. Med hjälp av jonstrålar kan man orsaka atomblanding över gränsskiktena mellan de ledande och isolerande lagren, som i sin tur orsakar ett överskott av obundna kiselatomer i den isolerande kiseldioxidmatrisen. Under uppvärmning formar överskottet av kiselatomer nanokristaller inuti isolatorn. Med rätt storlek, form och avstånd kan dessa nanokristaller fungera som en isolerad "kvantö", på vilken SETens hela grundprincip baseras. Molekyldynamik (MD) har under årtionden använts för att simulera rörelsen i atomistiska system exponerade för jonstrålar, vilket gjorde valet av MD perfekt för den här studien. Vi utvecklade uppsnabbningsmodeller för att göra bestrålningssimuleringarna mera effektiva och därmed också mera attraktiva för industriell applicering. För att göra simulatorn mera användarvänlig har vi också utvecklat ett grafiskt användargränssnitt för att förbereda MD-simuleringarna. Under studien kom vi på ett pålitligt sätt att kombinera lager av kiselbaserade material för att skapa stabila målstrukturer. Vi använde strukturerna för att undersöka vilka fysikaliska processer som driver den intressanta atomblandningen. Genom att bilda en bättre förståelse av processerna kan man lättare applicera strålningsförhållandet i existerande kiselbaserade tillverkningsprocesser inom halvledarindustrin för att skapa CMOS-kompatibla komponenter. Vi upptäckte en koppling mellan den överförda rörelsemängden från de mobila jonerna som träffade en nanopelare och jonhamringseffekten på nanoskala. Spänningen som byggdes upp längs med pelaren under den ballistiska fasen av jonkaskaderna och de lågenergetiska kollisionerna i slutskedet av kaskaderna pressade atomerna vinkelrätt utåt från ursprungsriktningen av jonerna. Andra synliga effekter jonstrålen hade på kiselnanostrukturerna var fasövergångar från kristallin till amorf fas, samt lokala förtätningar i kiseldioxiden

The Effect of Increasing Rates of Biochar on Corn Grown in Salinas Clay Loam

In order to sustain the ever growing global population, agriculture needs to not only increase yields but to increase yields in a way that is sustainable and is either environmentally neutral or has a positive effect on the environment. Biochar offers a solution to this challenge with numerous environmental benefits, as well as agricultural benefits (Lehman and Joseph 2009). The agricultural benefits of biochar have been well documented in tropical climates, with the benefits of biochar for other climates, such as temperate climates and Mediterranean climates, relatively unknown (Blackwell et. al. 2009). To determine the effect of biochar on agricultural soil in the Mediterranean climate of California’s Central Coast, a greenhouse trial growing corn was set up to compare the effect of three different rates of biochar, .25, .5, and .75 tons/acre, to corn that was grown without a biochar amendment. The corn plants were allowed to grow for eight weeks before being harvested and tested to determine the following: dry weight (g), moisture (%), nitrogen (%), phosphorous (%), potassium (%), zinc (mg/kg), manganese (mg/kg), boron (mg/kg), calcium (%), magnesium (%), iron (mg/kg), copper (mg/kg), sulfur (%), aluminum (mg/kg), and molybdenum (mg/kg). The testing revealed that there was no significant difference for any of the metrics that were tested for any rate of biochar

My Religious Identity : An Unfinished Project

The matter of identity is ever present in academic, and non-academic, discourses on religion and interreligious relations: identity as a category of something that can be nailed down, established and maintained with the help of definitions and logic; identity as a matter of something stable and even rigid. This is significant in deliberations regarding syncretism. In this paper, references are made to a previous study in which it is argued that a ‘religious approach’ to syncretism is wiser in several respects than what may be labelled a ‘logical approach’. The opposition should by no means be pushed too far, and there are of course many interesting in-between positions. Nonetheless, fundamentally one could have one approach rather than another and this indeed forms a watershed: the one and not the other as the point of departure. This paper starts in the question of ‘identity’. The aim is to bring light to a different approach altogether, an approach that is made possible through a reading of Emmanuel Levinas. Although interreligious relations and syncretism are not thematised in the texts read, it is suggested that reading them is fruitful. Giving space to the unexpected, the unforeseeable, the impossible, means also giving space to ‘human’ and to God. Here is a watershed, which has little to do with ‘religion’, ‘religious belief and practice’, religious belonging and adherence; what is at stake is whether there is a strong value in the unknown, the unknowable and the impossible, or not. The argument here is that this is crucial when issues of religious identity are tabled

Leadership in stable environment : shaping young future leaders

A good leadership can for example be characterized by good communication skills, inspiration, self-awareness, the ability to make decisions and a structured way of working. Previous research indicate that stable environment can be seen as a leadership school for future leaders, both in equestrian sport and other professions. The purpose of this study was to explore how the stable environment and equestrian sport shapes the future leaders. The research questions were: How could the leadership within the stables affect the youths? What factors can influence youths when forming their leadership skills? Which qualities can the youths get from the stable environment when forming their leadership skills? The results of this study show that leadership was a central part of learning and playing. When you were a leader in a sport association it was important to have support from the association board. The study shows that associations gives good influences on youth’s leadership skills since it emphasizes personal growth and democracy. Within the sport there were standards and invisible rules, defined by its leaders, that had great impact on the youths. Today the sport has an educational purpose in our society. Equestrian sport is more than just horseback riding and the leadership within the equestrian sport is complex. The study also shows that communication and trust was important to be able to convey a message to the horse. In the stable there were a lot of standards and invisible rules that hade a background from to the military. Through these standards the youth learned to be responsible, effective and focused. Another thing that this study showed was that the stable environment was a place where it´s fun to practice leadership for future tasks. Through this they can grow into the role as a leader and become more confident in themselves. The stable ensures that youths feels important, learns to take control and take on more responsibilities. The conclusion of this study shows that thanks to the standards and settings in the stable it shapes the youths in their leadership skills and gives them qualities like responsibility, effectivity, accuracy and focus that can become important in the future. At the same time, leaders in equestrian sport must be a role model who is open and humble. The study shows that while leadership within equestrian sport is complex, it gives lots of people meaningful occupation, were both internal and external factors affects youths when developing their leadership skills. Through the practice of being a leader in the stable environment self-confidence increases and can lead to assignments in leadership roles in the future.Flera egenskaper är viktiga för ett lyckat ledarskap. Egenskaper som ofta tas upp som viktiga är exempelvis att vara bra på kommunikation, engagerad och att vilja utvecklas, medvetenhet om sina egna styrkor och svagheter, vara intresserad av andra, kunna fatta beslut och vara strukturerad. Ridsporten och framförallt stallet ses ibland som en stark ledarskola där framtidens ledare formas. Ridsporten ses som en av de största ungdomsidrotterna enligt Svenska Ridsportförbundet. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka hur stallmiljö och ridsport kan forma framtidens ledare, genom att svara på följande frågeställningar: • Hur utövas ledarskap i stallmiljön som kan påverka barn och unga? • Vilka faktorer i stallmiljö kan bidra till att barn och unga blir framtida ledare? • Vilka ledaregenskaper kan barn och unga utveckla genom stallmiljö för att forma ett framtida ledarskap? Studiens resultat visade att egenskaper som barn och unga lär sig genom normer som finns i framförallt stallmiljö men även generellt inom idrotten var att bli ansvarstagande, punktliga, effektiva, målmedvetna, tydliga, ha disciplin och vara fokuserad. Litteraturstudien visade även på att stallet blir en plats där det är roligt att få praktisera sitt ledarskap inför framtida uppgifter. Det ger även unga flickor en naturlig ledarutbildning eftersom de blir tydliga och bestämda samt att hårt arbete och kompetens premieras. Samtidigt får de möjlighet att växa in i sin roll som ledare och genom detta bli mer trygg med sig själv. Viktiga egenskaper för att vara ledare är bland annat att vara ödmjuk, trygg, glad och en förebild för andra. Fortsättningsvis visar studien att stallet gör unga tjejer mer självständiga, noggranna och ordningsamma. De normer och osynliga regler som finns inom idrotten bestäms bland annat av ledare och bidrar till stort inflytande på barn och unga. Stallmiljö och ridsport har ett stort antal normer och osynliga regler som tydligt kopplas till den militära stallbackskulturen. Säkerhet och gemenskap ses även som viktiga faktorer i stallmiljö. I stallet kan barn och unga få en betydande roll och känna sig viktiga, genom detta ökar deras självförtroende och de får bättre kontroll. Faktorer som kan ha betydelse och påverka barn och unga kan både vara interna och externa. Som ledare inom en förening är det viktigt att få stöd från sin förening. De föreningsdrivna organisationerna ger gott inflytande på barns ledarskap eftersom de betonar utveckling och demokrati. Idrottsrörelsen har idag en uppfostrande roll i samhället. Ridsporten ses idag som något mer än bara ridning och ledarskapet inom ridsport är komplext. Studien visar att kommunikation genom kroppsspråk och tillit är viktigt för att kunna förmedla budskap till hästen vilket kan ha en betydande roll inom ledarskap. Litteraturstudien undersöker hur ridsportens ledare formas av stallmiljö. Tack vare stallmiljöns normer formas barn och unga i sitt ledarskap och får med sig egenskaper från stallet som exempelvis ansvarstagande, effektivitet, noggrannhet och fokus som kan vara viktiga i framtiden. Som ledare inom ridsporten kan denne vara en trygg förebild som är öppen och ödmjuk. Det framkom att ledarskapet inom ridsport är komplext samtidigt som det ger många ledare en meningsfull sysselsättning, där både interna och externa faktorer påverkar barn och unga när de formar sitt ledarskap. Genom att praktisera sitt ledarskap i stallet ökar självförtroendet hos individen och denne kan då ta sig an ledaruppdrag även utanför stallmiljön