: Le chikungunya dans l'océan Indien

Echogéo est une revue électronique en ligneInternational audienceAmong the large amount of likely hazards in the South West of the Indian Ocean region (hurricanes, torrential rains, tsunamis, infectious diseases ...), some are more devastating and present than others. The Chikungunya epidemic that lasted from 2004 to 2006, as probably the major public health event, has left a strong impact on men, societies, and people's mind. This epidemic hit the states and territories in the region with 25% up to 60% prevalences. In an attempt to characterize the outlines of vulnerability and to determine contextual effects, we conducted an analysis of levels in human, social and health development in the involved countries. Although it has been established emergence factors on a regional scale are nevertheless widely related to social-spatial variables, and given equal hazard, the risk is not proportionally more important than in the known most vulnerable countries. On the scale of La Reunion, a data analysis of the social-spacial and epidemiologic environment with nearly 3000 cases georeferenced during the first phase of the epidemic, allows to assess the main areas at risk on the island.Parmi le grand nombre possible d'aléas dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien (cyclones, pluies torrentielles, volcanisme, tsunami, maladies infectieuses ...) certains sont plus dévastateurs et présents que d'autres. L'épidémie de chikungunya, qui s'est déroulée de 2004 à 2006, est sans doute l'événement majeur de santé publique qui a marqué les hommes, les sociétés et les esprits aussi. Cette épidémie a touché les Etats et territoires de la région avec des prévalences de 25 à 60 %. Pour essayer de caractériser les contours de la vulnérabilité et déterminer des effets de contexte nous avons mené une analyse des niveaux de développement humain, social et sanitaire des pays concernés. S'il est établi que les facteurs d'émergence à l'échelle régionale sont très largement liés à des variables socio-spatiales néanmoins, à aléa égal le risque n'est pas proportionnellement plus important dans les pays réputés les plus vulnérables. A l'échelle de La Réunion, une analyse des données de l'environnement socio-spatial et épidémiologique, avec près de 3 000 cas géoréférencés durant la première phase de l'épidémie, permet d'établir les principaux quartiers à risques de l'île

Saran – La Médecinerie, Portes du Loiret Sud (secteur 2, zone D)

Le diagnostic sur la Zac Portes du Loiret (projet de construction de bassin de rétention), au lieu-dit La Médecinerie a mis au jour une occupation datée des vie-viie s. ainsi qu’une occupation de la fin de la période moderne à la période contemporaine. Les vestiges apparaissent à environ 0,80 m de profondeur (vers 113,50 m NGF) et sont faiblement arasés avec plus de 0,15 m de profondeur conservée pour les fosses et trous de poteaux. L’emprise traverse un petit talweg déjà mis en évidence au n..

An assessment of theICE6G_C(VM5a)glacial isostatic adjustment model

The recent release of the next-generation global ice history model, ICE6G_C(VM5a), is likely to be of interest to a wide range of disciplines including oceanography (sea level studies), space gravity (mass balance studies), glaciology, and, of course, geodynamics (Earth rheology studies). In this paper we make an assessment of some aspects of the ICE6G_C(VM5a) model and show that the published present-day radial uplift rates are too high along the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula (by ∼8.6 mm/yr) and beneath the Ross Ice Shelf (by ∼5 mm/yr). Furthermore, the published spherical harmonic coefficients—which are meant to represent the dimensionless present-day changes due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA)—contain excessive power for degree ≥90, do not agree with physical expectations and do not represent accurately the ICE6G_C(VM5a) model. We show that the excessive power in the high-degree terms produces erroneous uplift rates when the empirical relationship of Purcell et al. (2011) is applied, but when correct Stokes coefficients are used, the empirical relationship produces excellent agreement with the fully rigorous computation of the radial velocity field, subject to the caveats first noted by Purcell et al. (2011). Using the Australian National University (ANU) groups CALSEA software package, we recompute the present-day GIA signal for the ice thickness history and Earth rheology used by Peltier et al. (2015) and provide dimensionless Stokes coefficients that can be used to correct satellite altimetry observations for GIA over oceans and by the space gravity community to separate GIA and present-day mass balance change signals. We denote the new data sets as ICE6G_ANU

Deriving large-scale glacier velocities from a complete satellite archive : Application to the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya

International audienceMountain glaciers are pertinent indicators of climate change and their dynamics, in particular surface velocity change, is an essential climate variable. In order to retrieve the climatic signature from surface velocity, large-scale study of temporal trends spanning multiple decades is required. Satellite image feature-tracking has been successfully used to derive mountain glacier surface velocities, but most studies rely on manually selected pairs of images, which is not adequate for large datasets. In this paper, we propose a processing strategy to exploit complete satellite archives in a semi-automated way in order to derive robust and spatially complete glacier velocities and their uncertainties on a large spatial scale. In this approach, all available pairs within a defined time span are analysed, preprocessed to improve image quality and features are tracked to produce a velocity stack; the final velocity is obtained by selecting measures from the stack with the statistically higher level of confidence. This approach allows to compute statistical uncertainty level associated with each measured image pixel.This strategy is applied to 1536 pairs of Landsat 5 and 7 images covering the 3000 km long Pamir–Karakoram–Himalaya range for the period of 1999–2001 to produce glacier annual velocity fields. We obtain a velocity estimate for 76,000 km2 or 92% of the glacierized areas of this region. We then discuss the impact of coregistration errors and variability of glacier flow on the final velocity. The median 95% confidence interval ranges from 2.0 m/year on the average in stable areas and 4.4 m/year on the average over glaciers with variability related to data density, surface conditions and strain rate. These performances highlight the benefits of processing of a complete satellite archive to produce glacier velocity fields and to analyse glacier dynamics at regional scales

Analyse de la dynamique des glaciers himalayens et alpins à partir de 40 ans de données d’observation de la Terre

Mountain glaciers have a high societal impact, first at a local scale since they influence the water ressources and the touristic attractivity of a region, but also at a global scale, being major contributors to the present sea-level rise. Moreover, mountain glaciers are sensitive to climate forcing and are thus relevant indicators of past and present climate change and particularly present global warming. It is thus important to analyse the dynamic of these glaciers and quantify the changes that are affecting them so that their contribution to the Earth system and their future evolution can be better estimated. Satellite Earth Observation imagery, with its global coverage and repeated acquisition, represents a unique tool to quantify temporal changes affecting glaciers. The available archive is huge and the flux of new data will increase it even more.It is thus necessary to develop new methods to process this large archive.The objective of this thesis is to quantify the dynamic response of mountain glaciers in the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya (PKH) and in the Alps to a changing climate, with the use of the 40-year long satellite archive. We first developped a semi-automated processing chain to derive annual ice flow velocities from feature-tracking of satellite images. The chain takes advantage of the redundancy in the archive to obtain more spatially complete and robust velocity fields and to statistically estimate the uncertainty. Application to the Landsat archive leads to the determination of an unprecedented velocity field for the entire PKH region (~92 000 km2) for the period 1998-2014 and over the Alps (2 000 km2, period 1999-2014) with a coverage of 60-80 % and a mean uncertainty of 4 m/yr.. Flow velocities have been derived less systematically for the period 1972-1998 over the PKH. Secondly, the analysis of velocity changes show a slow-down of the glaciers for most of the 2 regions. The velocity changes are spatially contrasted and coherent with the patterns of elevation changes. In particular, glaciers in the Karakoram and West Kunlun that are stable or advancing show also a clear speed-up, whereas regions where thinning is the most important (Western Himalaya, Nyenchen Tangla, Alps) show the most important slow-down. The observed velocity changes is thus primarily determined by a climatic signal.Les glaciers de montagne ont un impact sociétal important que ce soit à l'échelle locale où ils influencent les ressources en eau et l'attractivité touristique d'une région, ou à l'échelle mondiale en contribuant au niveau des océans. Par ailleurs, les glaciers de montagne sont extrêmement sensibles aux variations climatiques et sont donc des indicateurs pertinents des évolutions climatiques passées et présentes, en particulier du réchauffement global.Une meilleure compréhension de la réponse des glaciers à ces changements, ou dynamique, est nécessaire afin d'estimer leur contribution au système Terre et leur évolution future. Les satellites d'observation de la Terre, par leur couverture globale et des acquisitions régulières, représentent un atout formidable pour suivre l'évolution des glaciers. L'archive à disposition est considérable et celle à venir promet d'être encore plus importante. Il est donc indispensable de développer des méthodes pour traiter cette masse de données.L'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre la réponse dynamique des glaciers du Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya (PKH) et des Alpes aux changements climatiques actuels en mettant à profit les 40 années de données satellitaires disponibles. Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé une chaine de traitement semi-automatique qui permet de mesurer les vitesses annuelles de surface d'écoulement des glaciers par corrélation d'images à partir d'une archive satellitaire. Grâce à la redondance des acquisitions, il est possible d'obtenir des champs de vitesse plus complets, plus robustes et d'estimer statistiquement l'incertitude. L’application de ce traitement à l’archive Landsat a permis d’obtenirdes champs de vitesse pour l’ensemble de la région du PKH (~92 000 km2) sur la période 1998-2014et sur les Alpes (~2 000 km2, période 1999-2014) avec une couverture de 60-80 % et une incertituded’environ 4 m/an. Des champs de vitesse ont également été obtenus de manière moins systématique sur la période 1972-1998 pour le PKH. Dans un second temps, l'analyse des variations de vitesse sur ces périodes a montré un ralentissement des glaciers sur l'ensemble des deux chaines de montagne, en lien avec un amincissement des glaciers sur la même période. Les variations de vitesse sont très contrastées spatialement et sont cohérentes avec les motifs observés pour les variations d'épaisseur. En particulier, les glaciers du Karakoram et du Kunlun qui sont stables ou gagnent de la masse sur cette période montrent également des signes d'accélération, alors que les zones d'amincissement le plus important (Himalaya occidental, Nyenchen Tangla, Alpes) sont celles ou le ralentissement observé est le plus fort. Il semble donc que les variations de vitesse observées soient conditionnées au premier ordre par un signal climatique

Evaluation of CryoSat-2 for height retrieval over the Himalayan range

International audienceHere we present the first results of quality assessment of height retrieval by CryoSat­2 over the snow and ice covered Karakoram region. We simulate the successive areas tracked by CryoSat in SARIN mode, compare them to glacier regions and estimate the region of interest covered by CS2

Wolbachia Age-Sex-Specific Density in Aedes albopictus: A Host Evolutionary Response to Cytoplasmic Incompatibility?

Wolbachia bacteria have invaded many arthropod species by inducing Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI). These symbionts represent fascinating objects of study for evolutionary biologists, but also powerful potential biocontrol agents. Here, we assess the density dynamics of Wolbachia infections in males and females of the mosquito Aedes albopitcus, an important vector of human pathogens, and interpret the results within an evolutionary framework.Wolbachia densities were measured in natural populations and in age controlled mosquitoes using quantitative PCR. We show that the density dynamics of the wAlbA Wolbachia strain infecting Aedes albopictus drastically differ between males and females, with a very rapid decay of infection in males only.Theory predicts that Wolbachia and its hosts should cooperate to improve the transmission of infection to offspring, because only infected eggs are protected from the effects of CI. However, incompatible matings effectively lower the fertility of infected males, so that selection acting on the host genome should tend to reduce the expression of CI in males, for example, by reducing infection density in males before sexual maturation. The rapid decay of one Wolbachia infection in Aedes albopictus males, but not in females, is consistent with this prediction. We suggest that the commonly observed reduction in CI intensity with male age reflects a similar evolutionary process. Our results also highlight the importance of monitoring infection density dynamics in both males and females to assess the efficiency of Wolbachia-based control strategies

Relationship between glacial isostatic adjustment and gravity perturbations observed by GRACE

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment space gravity mission provides one of the principal means of estimating present-day mass loss occurring in polar regions. Extraction of the mass loss signal from the observed gravity changes is complicated by the need to first remove the signal of ongoing glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) since the Last Glacial Maximum. This can be problematic in regions such as Antarctica where the GIA models are poorly constrained by observation and their accuracy is not well known. We present a new methodology that permits the GIA component to be represented mathematically by a simple, linear expression of the ratio of viscoelastic Love numbers that is valid for a broad range of Earth and ice-load models. The expression is shown to reproduce rigorous computations of surface uplift rates to within 0.3 mm/yr, thus providing a means of inverting simultaneously for present-day mass loss and ongoing GIA with all the accuracy of a fully detailed forward model