The thermal entropy density of spacetime

We introduce the notion of thermal entropy density, and first obtain the thermal entropy density of any arbitrary spacetime without firstly assuming a temperature or a horizon. The results indicate that gravity possesses thermal effects or therm entropy density possesses effects of gravity. The results also imply that, besides gravity, the thermal entropy density can also be geometrized.Comment: 4 page

Properties of the redshift

Central to any analysis of dynamical systems, or large scale motion, is the interpretation of redshifts of galaxies as classical Doppler velocity shifts. This is a testable assumption and for many years evidence has accumulated that is inconsistent with the assumption. Here, the authors review recent evidence suggesting systematic radial dependence and temporal variation of redshifts

Shape Optimization of Hydrofoils

In this thesis, a genetic algorithm: GA) is employed for shape optimization of hydrofoils for application in a sailing craft. The hydrofoil for a sailing craft should have high lift at lower speeds and low drag at higher speeds. Computations are performed for a hydrofoil in deep water as well as one close to the free surface. The commercially available software FLUENT is used for calculation of the flow field, and the software GAMBIT is used for the geometry and mesh generation. Volume of Fluid: VOF) method in FLUENT is employed to define the air/water interface. Genetic algorithm is implemented with GAMBIT and FLUENT for shape optimization of hydrofoils. Maximization of lift to drag ratio is used as the optimization criteria. Optimized shapes are obtained for a hydrofoil in deep water at Re = 10 x 106 and Re = 20 x 106 at angles of attack of 0, 2, 4, and 6 degrees. Optimized shapes are also obtained for a hydrofoil near a free surface at d/c = 0.5 where d is the depth under the free surface and c is the chord length of the hydrofoil. It is shown that GA optimization technique is capable of accurately and efficiently finding the globally optimum hydrofoils

Altered Recovery Process after Fatiguing Exercise and Potential Benefits of Qigong in Patients with Fibromyalgia

Abstract Introduction: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a challenging disorder to explore and warrants further study. This study aimed to determine if the recovery process after isometric fatiguing contractions is altered and if Qigong may be beneficial in this process. Methods: Twelve healthy controls and eleven FM patients, ages 30 – 63 years completed the isometric fatiguing exercise. Six FM patients randomly assigned into two groups of 3 completed the intervention of Sham Qigong/Qigong. Results: The data showed a trend towards altered recovery in torque, perceived exertion, and EMG max amplitude in patients with FM in comparison to healthy controls. For the intervention study, the Qigong group showed trends for improvement in fatigue and symptoms. Conclusion: Favorable trends were observed for altered recovery and symptoms during fatigue testing after the Qigong program. The results support the need for a study with a larger number of participants. Keywords: Fibromyalgia (FM), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS